气候变化背景下农业气象灾害对东北地区春玉米产量影响

Effect of agricultural meteorological disasters on the production corn in the Northeast China

随着气候变化,中国重要商品粮基地—东北地区的农业气象灾害呈现出多发和频发的态势,为了解这种变化对当地春玉米生产的影响,本文引入通径分析法,探讨该地区的主要农业气象灾害对春玉米产量的直接影响或协同影响及其程度,进而在实际生产中更好的趋利避害以确保粮食生产安全。结果发现,农业气象灾害可以解释50%左右东北地区春玉米产量的波动,且影响春玉米生产的主要农业气象灾害已经从过去的冷害转变为干旱;在气候变暖的大背景下,影响春玉米生产的主要因子由热量条件转换为水分条件,干旱已成为威胁春玉米产量的首要灾害。分省来看,影响辽宁春玉米产量的农业气象灾害,按照影响程度排序为干旱、洪涝和风灾;影响吉林春玉米产量的农业气象灾害主要为干旱和洪涝;影响黑龙江春玉米产量的农业气象灾害,按照影响程度排序为干旱、洪涝和风灾。由此可见,东北三省由于地理位置差异,影响其玉米生产的主要农业气象灾害也有所差异,黑龙江除风雹灾害影响大于其他两省外,水旱灾害的影响均弱于辽吉,风雹灾害局地性强,影响范围有限,因而其对玉米生产的影响远不及水旱灾害,黑龙江玉米生产稳定性较高,受农业气象灾害影响相对较小,对东北地区在具体研究中不能一概而论。

Agricultural meteorological disasters are the main natural disasters that threaten grain output. In recent years, with climate change, agricultural meteorological disasters are more and more frequent, and their impact on northeast China is also increasing. In this paper, to make better use of advantages and avoid disadvantages in actual production to ensure food production safety, spring corn in three provinces of northeast China was taken as the research object to discuss the impact of major agricultural meteorological disasters in this region on spring corn yield and its degree. The results showed that agricultural meteorological disasters could explain about 50% of the fluctuation of spring corn yield in Northeast China, and the main agricultural meteorological disasters that affected spring corn production had changed from cold damage in the traditional sense to drought. Under the background of climate warming, the main factor affecting spring corn production was changed from thermal condition to water condition, and drought had become the primary disaster threatening spring corn production. The agricultural meteorological disasters that affected the spring corn yield in Liaoning province were drought, flood, and wind in order of the degree of influence.The agricultural meteorological disaster that affected spring corn yield in Jilin province was only drought. The agricultural meteorological disasters affecting the yield of spring corn in Heilongjiang province were ranked as flood, drought, and cold damage according to the degree of impact. In conclusion, due to geographical differences, the main agro-meteorological disasters affecting the corn production in the three provinces of Northeast China were also different, and their complexity was not the same, which cannot be generalized in the specific study.