不同类型地膜覆盖对春玉米生产综合效应研究

Study on the comprehensive effects of different types of mulch on spring corn production

在山西省春玉米主产区连续3年开展大田定位试验,设置不覆盖(CK)、覆盖渗水地膜(SS)、覆盖光降解地膜(GJ)、覆盖生物降解地膜(SJ)、覆盖普通地膜(PE)5个处理,研究不同类型地膜覆盖对春玉米的综合效应,为筛选出适宜干旱半干旱地区春玉米种植的地膜覆盖类型提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)PE、SS、GJ和SJ处理5 cm土层土壤温度较CK分别提高3.5、2.5、2.3和1.1℃。春玉米全生育期0~100 cm土层3年平均土壤贮水量由高到低依次为GJ、SJ、SS、PE、CK;(2)地膜覆盖处理0~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮含量均高于不覆盖处理,其中SJ处理土壤有机质含量最高,较CK处理增加了0.30 g/kg。地膜覆盖处理显著降低0~300 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量,SJ处理累积量最低,为455.53 kg/hm^(2)。(3)地膜覆盖处理能明显提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率,其中SJ处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,较CK处理分别提高24.35%和7.46 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)。(4)地膜覆盖处理促进作物对氮、磷、钾素吸收。与CK处理相比,地膜覆盖处理显著提高了春玉米氮肥表观利用率和农学效率,氮肥表观利用率提高5.83~23.27个百分点,氮肥农学效率提高3.81~9.73 kg/kg,且均以SJ处理最高。生物降解地膜在增温保水、改善土壤耕层养分、促进春玉米高产、水肥高效利用及缓解残膜污染等方面效果显著,有利于环境和农业生态系统可持续发展,为干旱半干旱地区较为有效、合理的覆盖种植方式。

Field positioning tests were carried out consecutively for 3 years in the main spring corn producing areas in Shanxi province.Five treatments were set up:no cover(CK),permeable plastic film(SS),photodegradable plastic film(GJ),biodegradable plastic film(SJ)and ordinary plastic film(PE).The comprehensive effects of different types of plastic film mulch on spring maize were studied to provide scientific basis for selecting suitable types of plastic film mulch for spring maize cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas.The results showed that:(1)The soil temperature of 5 cm soil layer under PE,SS,GJ and SJ treatment increased by 3.5,2.5,2.3 and 1.1℃,respectively,compared with CK treatment.The average amount of water stored in the 3 years soil layer in 0~100 cm depth during the whole growth period of spring maize was ranked as GJ,SJ,SS,PE and CK in sequence from high to low.(2)The contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in 0~40 cm soil treated by plastic film mulching were all higher than those treated by CK,among which,the contents of soil organic matter in SJ treatment were the highest,with an increase of 0.30 g/kg compared with those treated by CK treatment.Mulching treatment significantly reduced the nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 0~300 cm soil layer,and SJ treatment had the lowest accumulation of 455.53 kg/hm^(2).(3)Mulching treatment could significantly improve the yield and water use efficiency of spring corn,among which SJ treatment had the highest yield and water use efficiency,which were 24.35% and 7.46 kg/(hm^(2)·mm),respectively,compared with CK treatment.(4)Mulching treatment promoted the absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by crops.Compared with CK treatment,plastic mulching treatment significantly improved the apparent nitrogen use rate and agricultural efficiency of spring maize,with the apparent nitrogen use rate increasing by 5.83~23.27 percentage points,and the agricultural efficiency of nitrogen use rate increasing by 3.81~9.73 kg/kg,all of which were highest under SJ treatment.Biodegradable plastic film has significant effects in increasing temperature and retaining water,improving soil surface nutrients,promoting high yield of spring corn,efficient use of water and fertilizer,and alleviating residual film pollution,which is conducive to the sustainable development of environment and agricultural ecosystem,and is a more effective and reosnable cover planting method in arid and semi-arid regions.