比例原则视野下犯罪工具没收的实质解释

The Substantive Explanation of the Confiscation of Criminal Tools from the Perspective of the Principle of Proportionality

属于绝对义务没收的“供犯罪所用的本人财物”之没收属于保安处分,便捷而合理地遵守比例原则的路径是刑法解释学。犯罪工具型“供犯罪所用的本人财物”应被限制解释为“直接且专门供犯罪使用的本人财物”。所谓“供犯罪使用”,是指直接或准备直接供犯罪使用;所谓“直接”,是指财物对犯罪的实施起到了决定性或促进性的作用。某种财物是否被行为人专门用于实施犯罪或准备实施犯罪,应当从使用次数、使用比例、财物获取难易程度、主观目的、财物数量、财物特殊性以及行为人的社会角色等方面进行类型化界定。由此经由实质解释合理限缩犯罪工具的没收范围,实现仅仅将值得刑法没收的被用于或准备用于实施犯罪的财物予以没收的正义结果。此类没收存在于故意与过失犯罪之中,对于不应没收但应限制的财物,可实施附有一定解除条件的查封、扣押、冻结等保安处分措施。

The“confiscation of personal belongings for crime”,which is an absolute obligation to confiscate,belongs to security punishment,and the path to conveniently and reasonably abide by the principle of proportionality is criminal law interpretation.The“personal property for crime”as the type of criminal tools should be restricted to the interpretation as“direct and special property for crime”.The so-called“for criminal use”refers to directly or ready to be used directly for crime;the so-called“direct”refers to that the property has played a decisive or promotional role in the crime.Whether a certain property is specifically used by the perpetrator to commit a crime or is ready to commit a crime should be categorized in terms of the number of uses,the proportion of use,the ease of obtaining the property,and the subjective purpose,the amount of the property,the particularity of the property,and the social role of the agent,etc..Therefore,through a substantive explanation to reasonably limit the scope of confiscation of criminal tools,a just result of confiscating should be that the property be confiscated,which is worth confiscating under the criminal law for being used or being prepared to commit crimes.Such confiscation exists in deliberate and negligent crimes.For property that should not be confiscated but restricted,security measures such as seizure,freezing,etc.,subject to certain release conditions,can be implemented.