清前期理学重构视域下士人的论墨

Research on Mohism from the Perspective of Neo Confucianism in the Early Qing Dynasty

清代,尤其是清中期以后,是墨学大放异彩的时期。然而在清前期,统治者在取得的治统基础上,为了兼并道统的需要,采取一系列争夺话语权的努力。在坚守以儒学为正统的思想界,面对明末王学的疏狂,学人或由王返朱,或调和朱、王,从而对理学进行重构。在这一构建中,学人对包括墨学在内的异端学说采取整齐划一的批判态度。以墨学而言,非但自晚明以降的评墨之风逐渐消散,同时对墨家学说的论评也重归传统异端标签式的批判:以兼爱为标靶的非墨论、释墨同害观以及害人乱道的斥墨说,充斥在学人的言说论道中。这种现象一方面为反观清前期理学的重构提供重要的视角,同时,这种带有驳斥意味的阐释,使得墨家思想重新为学人提及、关注,为清中期以后学人多视域的论墨、释墨提供参考,是清代墨学接受史不可忽视的一环。

Mohism flourished in the Qing Dynasty,especially after the middle of the Qing Dynasty. However,in the early Qing Dynasty,the rulers took a series of efforts to compete for the right to speak on the basis of obtaining the rule and unification,sa as to merge the orthodoxy. In the ideological circle of adhering to Confucianism as orthodoxy,in the face of the alienation of Wang studies in the late Ming Dynasty,scholars either returned from Wang to Zhu,or reconciled Zhu and Wang,so as to reconstruct Neo Confucianism. In this construction,scholars took a uniform critical attitude towards heretical theories,including Mohism. As far as Mohism is concerned,not only has the wind of evaluating Mohism gradually dissipated since the late Ming Dynasty,but also the theoretical evaluation of Mohism has returned to the traditional heretical label Criticism:the non Mohism theory with universal love as the target,the view of interpreting Mohism with harm,and the theory of rejecting Mohism that harms people and chaos are full of scholars’ speech and works. On the one hand,this phenomenon provides an important perspective for the reconstruction of Neo Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty. At the same time,this interpretation with refutation makes Mohist Thought mentioned and concerned by scholars again,and provides a reference for scholars to discuss and interpret Mohism from multiple perspectives after the middle Qing Dynasty. It is an important link in the acceptance history of Mohism in the Qing Dynasty.