Estimation of marine winds in and around typhoons using multi-platform satellite observations: Application to Typhoon Soulik (2018)

Estimating horizontal winds in and around typhoons is important for improved monitoring and prediction of typhoons and mitigating their damages.Here,we present a new algorithm for estimating typhoon winds using multiple satellite observations and its application to Typhoon Soulik(2018).Four kinds of satellite remote sensing data,along with their relationship to typhoon intensity,derived statistically from hundreds of historical typhoon cases,were merged into the final product of typhoon wind(MT wind):(1)geostationarysatellite-based infrared images(IR wind),(2)passive microwave sounder(MW wind),(3)feature-tracked atmospheric motion vectors,and (4)scatterometer-based sea surface winds(SSWs).The algorithm was applied to two cases(A and B)of Typhoon Soulik and validated against SSWs independently retrieved from active microwave synthetic aperture radar(SAR)and microwave radiometer(AMSR2)images,and vertical profiles of wind speed derived from reanalyzed data and dropsonde observations.For Case A(open ocean),the algorithm estimated the realistic maximum wind,radius of maximum wind,and radius of 15 m/s,which could not be estimated using the reanalysis data,demonstrating reasonable and practical estimates.However,for Case B(when the typhoon rapidly weakened just before making landfall in the Korean Peninsula),the algorithm significantly overestimated the parameters,primarily due to the overestimation of typhoon intensity.Our study highlights that realistic typhoon winds can be monitored continuously in real-time using multiple satellite observations,particularly when typhoon intensity is reasonably well predicted,providing timely analysis results and products of operational importance.