虚假鉴定责任追究的实践障碍与政策建议——以新《民事证据规定》第三十三条虚假鉴定责任为视角

Practical Obstacles and Policy Suggestions Regarding Fraud Appraisal Responsibility-From the Perspective of Liability for Fraud Appraisal under Article 33 of the New Provisions on Civil Evidence

2020年最高人民法院修正的《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第三十三条增加了虚假鉴定责任追究制度规定,旨在威慑司法鉴定社会化改革中虚假鉴定频发的现象,以期提高司法鉴定为法庭服务的质量。对鉴定人加强诉讼约束是各国司法实践的必然选择,但立足于我国当前立法,追究虚假鉴定责任面临着一系列实践障碍,例如虚假鉴定的含义不清,法官没有能力评定虚假鉴定,鉴定人因追责潜在风险过大而隐性拒绝鉴定等。我国立法上应进一步明确界定虚假鉴定的含义,吸纳专业人士参与法官评定虚假鉴定的程序,以及严格限制鉴定人被追责的范围和风险。改革鉴定机构设置由社会化私立转化为公益性公立,方能最终破解虚假鉴定之顽症。

The Supreme People’s Court amended Article 33 of Several Provisions on Evidence in Civil Litigation in 2020,which added the system of liability for fraud appraisal,aiming at deterring frequent occurrence of fraud appraisal in the marketization reforms of judicial appraisal,so as to improve the quality of judicial appraisal for the court.It is an inevitable choice worldwide to strengthen litigation restraint on forensic science.However,the current legislation has a series of obstacles in this regard,such as the unclear meaning of fraud appraisers,the lack of ability by judges to evaluate it,expert witness implicitly refuses to identify because of the potential risk of liability.The legislation should further define the meaning of fraud appraisal,allow professionals to participate in evaluating process of fraud appraisal,and strictly limit the scope and risk of appraisers.Only by reforming the establishment of appraisal institutions from private to public non-profit institutions can the persistent problem of fraud appraisal be finally solved.