精英轮椅冰壶运动员竞技能力特征及训练策略研究进展

Research Progress on Competitive Ability Characteristics and Training Strategies of the Elite Wheelchair Curling Athletes

采用文献资料调研、实地调查与专家访谈等研究方法,梳理与分析精英轮椅冰壶运动员竞技能力特征,提出相应训练策略。研究认为,精英轮椅冰壶运动员:1)以脊髓损伤、小儿麻痹症、双腿截肢等残疾类型居多,普遍年龄较大,体脂含量较高,但身高、体质量在不同研究中存在差异,鲜见关于摄氧量、无氧功率的研究;上肢力量水平低于其他冬残奥会坐姿项目精英运动员,但优于轮椅冰壶一般运动员,身体稳定性、柔韧性,以及对投壶动作的精细控制能力好;具备更高的投壶成功率,更强的一垒牵制能力和四垒调控能力;全队配合默契,战术调整能力强,能够根据先、后手,比分等因素合理制定比赛战术;具备出众的心理调节与抗压能力,比赛关注度、自信心、意志力与团队凝聚力强。2)重复训练法、加难训练法、比赛训练法、录像分析法、战例训练法、语言暗示法、表象训练法等常用于发展其专项技能与心智能力;上肢力量训练、身体稳定性、协调性、柔韧性训练以及康复体能训练常用于优化其身体素质。

Through literature research, field investigation and expert interview, based on combing and analyzing the competitive ability characteristics of elite wheelchair curling athletes, this study put forward the corresponding training strategies. Research shows that the elite wheelchair curling athletes: 1) Most of them are disabled by spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis symptoms and lower limb amputation. They are generally older and have higher body fat mass, but height and weight characteristics are different in existing studies;research on maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic performance is rare. Upper limb strength of them is significantly lower than that of other elite sitting athletes in the Winter Paralympic Games, but it is better than ordinary wheelchair curlers. Their physical stability, flexibility and control ability for the shot are better. They perform higher average shot accuracy, stronger containment ability for lead and regulation ability for skip. They perform high quality on teamwork and tactical adjustment, as well as developing reasonable tactics based on competitive factors such as with hammer or without hammer, and score. Elite athletes are good at psychological capacity to resistant pressure, competition attention, confidence, strengthen the willpower and team cohesion. 2) The methods of repeated training, difficult training, competition training, video analysis, case training, language suggestion and image training are often used to improve the specific skills and mental abilities of them. Upper limb strength training, body stability, coordination, flexibility training and rehabilitation physical training are often used to optimize the physical fitness of them.