盟旗制度与清代内蒙古地区的社会变迁研究

A Study of the League-banner System and the Social Changes in Inner Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty

盟旗制度是清朝统治者在内蒙古地区推行的重要制度。这一制度在实现统治者“众建以分其势”政治目的时,客观上也对清代内蒙古社会的政治生态、生产和经营方式、畜牧业经济以及环境等产生了深远影响。行政管理制度上,将原来以血缘为基础的部落制度改造成以地域为基础的盟旗制度。畜牧业生产方式上,从传统的远距离、大范围游牧转为近距离、小范围驻牧。经营方式上,从粗放型向集约型转变。盟旗制度在清前期保障了内蒙古地区畜牧业经济的稳定发展,但在清后期则成为制约畜牧业经济发展、导致环境恶化的原因之一。

[Abstact] The League-banner System was an important policy implemented by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty in Inner Mongolia,which was aimed at weakening regional powers by multiplying the administrative divisions.This system had a far-reaching impact on the political ecology,production and business practices,animal husbandry economy and environment of Inner Mongolian society.The administrative system transformed the original blood-based tribal system into a territorial-based leagues and banners system.The production mode of animal husbandry had changed from traditional long-distance and large-scale nomadism to short-distance and small-scale resident grazing.In terms of business mode,it had changed from extensive type to intensive type.The League-banner System ensured the stable development of animal husbandry economy in Inner Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty,but it became one of the reasons that restricted the development of animal husbandry economy and led to environmental deterioration in the late Qing Dynasty.