我国3岁以下婴幼儿照护服务政策的省际差异与协同策略

Interprovincial Differences and Synergistic Strategies of Infant and Child Care Services Policies in China

中央与地方婴幼儿照护服务政策的有效协同有助于促进全国婴幼儿照护服务发展,满足日益增长的婴幼儿照护需求。本研究对中央与地方发布的555份婴幼儿照护服务政策文本进行分析,结果发现,中央婴幼儿照护服务政策经历了从量变到质变的发展历程,服务内容从安全保障、教育照护转变为全面拓展,服务主体从重视机构和政府转变为多元主体。在协同中央政策时,地方表现为反应较快且协同较好、反应一般甚至慢但协同较好、反应较快但协同一般、反应一般甚至慢且协同也一般或不太好四种类型。政策创新实践、政策选择偏好、中央政策压力、政策敏感程度、政策制定水平是导致地方政策协同差异的主要因素。为缩小地方政策协同差异,中央应通过完善地方政策考核机制积极促进地方政策协同,地方应通过提高政策敏感度与政策制定水平,加强地方创新探索,增设地方专项政策,形塑政策专注力主动协同中央政策,进而全面提高我国婴幼儿照护服务政策水平。

The effective synergies between local and central policies can promote the development of the infant and child care services,and then meet the needs of families for infant and child care.555 relevant texts about the infant and child care service policy issued by the central and local governments were analyzed.It is found that the central policies have shifted from safety control,educational care to comprehensive development,with a transition from quantitative change to qualitative change.At the same time,the service subjects have shifted from institution and government to multiple subjects.While synergizing with the changing central polices,the local policies are characterized as four kinds of synergy situations of fast response and good synergy,average or even slow response but good synergy,fast response but average or even poor synergy,and average or even slow response and average or not good synergy.The differences in the synergies among local governments result mainly from policy innovation practices,policy preferences,pressures from central policies,sensitivity towards policies and levels of policy implementation.In order to reduce differences among local policy synergies,optimize the local policies,and comprehensively improve the level of infant and child care service policy in China,it is recommended that the central policy promotes local policy synergies and local governments work hard to synergize the central policy.