道家实践形而上学的深化——向秀《庄子注》探微

The Metaphysical Deepening of the Daoism Practices—Exploring Xiang Xiu′s Commentary on Zhuangzi

向秀的《庄子注》与他以前众多注者的解释大不相同,尤其是对《逍遥游》的注解被人视为“逍遥新义”,但其实向注更切合庄子的本意,应看作“逍遥真义”,即取消“大”与“小”的绝对划分,不是脱离世俗去追求更高的人生境界,而是就在渺小的世俗生活中也可以逍遥和“成圣”。为做到这一点,向秀对老庄的实践模型作了深化和改进,不仅明确用“无为论”解释了“贵无论”,更是将“无为论”中隐含的“无心论”置于核心地位,解决了“无为”和“有为”的矛盾,避免了“为无为”的悖论。以这种彻底的贵无论立场,向秀既不同意嵇康那种刻意养生的生活态度,当然更不会服从儒家名教的束缚,但却无意中放弃了对名教的批判性,为郭象和裴頠向儒家妥协铺平了道路。

Xiang Xiu′s Commentary on Zhuangzi differed greatly from the interpretations of many previous commentators,especially his commentary on"Wandering to Freedom",which was regarded as a new interpretation of Daoist freedom.In fact,Xiang′s commentary was more in line with Zhuang Zi′s original intention,and should be regarded as the true meaning of freedom.It signified that the absolute distinction between"great"and"small"should be abolished,and that one should not leave the ordinary world to pursue a higher realm of life.According to Xiang Xiu,one can be free and become a sage even in the trivial worldly life.In order to achieve this,Xiang Xiu deepened and improved the practical model of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi,not only explicitly explaining the"noble nothingness"through the idea of"nonaction",but also placing the idea of"mindlessness"implicit in the former at the core of his philosophy.It thus solved the contradiction between"nonaction"and"action",and avoided the paradox of"nonaction toward action".With such a thoroughgoing perspective of"nothingness",Xiang Xiu disagreed with Ji Kang′s attitude of nurturing life deliberately,and certainly did not submit to the shackles of Confucianism.Xiang Xiu inadvertently gave up his criticism of the Confucianist moral codes,and paved the way for Guo Xiang and Pei′e to a compromise with Confucianism.