试论康德《法权论》之阐释路向——兼评契约论与自然法阐释

On The Approach of The Account of Kant's Doctrine of Right:A Review of Contractarianism and Natural Law Accounts

学界对康德法哲学的研究主要以《法权论》为核心文本,但对《法权论》阐释路向的判定存在较大争议。康德的法权是一种先验的法权,法权之所以为法权的先天条件是人的实践的自由,对《法权论》的阐释理应以实践的自由为前提。康德将实践的自由,也就是人的欲求能力,划分为意志与任意,意志自在的为目的,承担着立法的机能;任意仅与行动相关,承担着执行的机能。当后者完全以前者为规定根据时,人的行为就是道德行为,真正严格意义上的自由是能够自我立法的意志的自由。契约论阐释路向以任意作为道德之本质,将公民状态的形成建立在基于理性选择的社会契约上,是一种经验主义的视角。先验阐释路向抓住了康德法哲学的先验本质,将法权的演绎建立在人的先天自由,即意志的基础上,实现了对意志论与理性主义的超越,并且打通了国家法权、国际法权以及世界公民法权的论证逻辑,回答了“永久和平”何以必然的问题。

Scholarly researches of Kant's legal philosophy have focused on the Doctrine of Right as the core text,but there is considerable debate among scholars as to the approach in which the Doctrine of Right should be interpreted.Kant's right is a kind of transcendental right.The a priori condition for right to be right is man's practical freedom.The account of Doctrine of Right should take the practical freedom as the premise.Kant divides the practical freedom,that is,people's faculty of desire,into will and choice.The will itself is the purpose and bears the function of legislation.The choice is only related to action and bears the function of execution.When the latter is completely based on the former,people's behavior is moral behavior,and the real freedom in the strict sense is the freedom of will that can self-legislate.The contractarian approach takes the choice as the essence of morality,and establishes the formation of citizen state on the social contract based on rational choice,which is an empirical perspective.The transcendental approach grasps the transcendental essence of Kant's philosophy,establishes the deduction of right on the base of man's a priori freedom,that is,will,realizes the transcendence of voluntarism and rationalism,and opens up the argumentation logic of the right of a state,the right of nations and cosmopolitan right,and answers the question of why"perpetual peace"is possible.