地图、风景与航运:晚清至民国三峡航道图知识考古

Maps,Landscapes,and Shipping:Archaeology of Knowledge of the Three Gorges Channel Maps from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

晚清至民国时期,三峡航道图的制图模式经历了从传统舆图向现代地图的转变。两种不同的航道图都有深厚的知识传统作为依托,各自的特色和优势也十分鲜明。图像制作上的新旧交替固然为技术进步和交通变革的必然趋势所决定,但航道图作为航权争夺的基本依托,现实条件的制约及图像的实用性和有效性才是决定图像生产的根本。无论是借鉴传统图像,还是奉行“拿来主义”,利用外国人的测绘地图,或者是各取所长,将两种图像融为一体,又或者是直接测量绘图,说到底都是服务于现代轮船业的兴起和三峡新航线开辟的需要,都是川江航权争夺的技术支撑。

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,the mapping mode of the Three Gorges Channel Map transformed from traditional modern.The two different navigation maps are based on profound knowledge and cultural traditions,marked by different characteristics and advantages.The alternation of the old and the new in image production is certainly determined by the inevitable trend of technological progress and traffic reforms,but as the basic support for the struggle for navigation rights,the constraints of realistic conditions and the practicability and effectiveness of images are the fundamental factors that determine the production of images.Whether it is to directly learn from traditional images,or to pursue"borrowism"(nalai zhuyi拿来主义)by using foreigner surveying and mapping systems,or to take advantage of each other’s strengths to integrate the two images to measure and map,everything is related to the pressing need for technical support caused by the rise of the modern shipping industry and the need for opening a new route in the Three Gorges between Sichuan and the Yangtze River.