Independent temporal lobe epilepsy in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC)is a rare disease that involves multiple organs,including the brain;approximately 80%-90%of TSC patients exhibit TSC-associated epilepsy.Independent temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE),TSC-unrelated epilepsy,is particularly rare in patients with TSC.Here,we describe three patients with TSC with independent TLEs that were confirmed by stereo-electroencephalography(EEG),postoperative pathological findings,and seizure outcome at follow-up.The patients were retrospectively enrolled at two centers;their ictal epileptiform discharge onsets were determined using electrode contacts in the hippocampus during stereo-EEG.The three patients underwent anterior temporal lobectomies and remained seizure-free at 1-5 years after surgery.Postoperative pathological examinations confirmed hippocampal sclerosis in all three patients.Furthermore,postoperative intelligence quotient improvement was evident in one patient,while the quality of life was improved in two patients at 12 months after surgery.