配偶退休如何影响健康--基于认知能力的实证研究

How Does Spousal Retirement Affect Health:An Empirical Study Based on Cognitive Ability

健康的认知能力是延迟退休的重要前提,明确退休对认知能力的影响有助于推进延迟退休政策的实施。以往相关研究主要关注个人退休对认知能力的影响,忽略了夫妻间配偶退休对认知能力的溢出效应。基于拓展的健康需求模型与社会互动理论,首次构建了双职工夫妻家庭中配偶退休如何对认知能力产生溢出效应的理论模型,并将总溢出效应分解为直接溢出效应与间接溢出效应。借助中国家庭追踪调查2010—2018年五轮数据,结合联立方程组和模糊断点回归法,展开了实证检验。研究发现,退休不仅使个人认知能力发生衰退,也对配偶认知能力产生负向直接溢出效应,还会通过夫妻社会互动产生负向间接溢出效应。相较于丈夫,妻子认知能力更易受配偶退休的不利影响。利用多重中介效应模型进行机制检验,其结果表明,除了夫妻社会互动,配偶退休后家庭经济下滑也是重要影响渠道;频繁喝酒是妻子退休后丈夫认知能力下降的原因;锻炼频率增加能在一定程度上减轻配偶退休对认知能力的负向溢出效应;配偶退休后增加了家务劳动贡献度,有利于丈夫认知能力的改善,但对妻子认知能力无显著影响。鉴于研究结论,建议政府应着眼于家庭,合理利用夫妻间的社会互动,采取兼顾延迟退休政策推广与国民认知能力健康发展的适当措施,减少甚至避免退休年龄改革的不利影响。

Healthy cognitive ability is an important prerequisite for delayed retirement.Clarification of retirement on cognitive ability is helpful for the implementation of the delayed retirement policy.Previous studies have focused on the effects of retirement on individual cognitive ability,but ignoring the spillover effects of spousal retirement on cognitive ability among couples.Based on the extended health needs model and social interaction theory,this paper constructed a theoretical model to analyze how spousal retirement has a spillover effect of spouse retirement on cognitive ability in dual-earner couple families,and decomposed the total spillover effect into a direct spillover effect and an indirect spillover effect.An empirical test was conducted with the help of five rounds of data from the 2010-2018 China Family Panel Studies data,combining the joint cubic equation system and fuzzy breakpoint regression method.The results show that retirement not only individual cognitive decline,but also has a negative direct spillover effect on the cognitive ability of the spouse,and also has a negative indirect spillover effect through the social interaction between husband and wife.Wives’s cognitive abilities are adversely affected by spouse retirement than their husbands.The results of the mechanism test using the multiple mediated effects model show that,in addition to social interaction between couples,the family economic decline after the spousal retirement is an important channel.Frequent alcohol consumption was the cause for the decline of cognitive ability of husbands after wives’retirement,where increased exercise frequency can alleviate the negative spillover effect to a certain extent.The increase of spousal’s contribution to housework after retirement is beneficial to the improvement of husbands’cognitive ability,but has no significant effect on wives’cognitive ability.In response to above findings,it is suggested that government should focus on the family,make reasonable use of the social interaction between couples,and take appropriate measures that balance the promotion of the delayed retirement policy with the national cognition health,to reduce or even avoid the adverse effects of retirement age reform.