论企业数据财产权的正当性——以洛克财产权学说为视角

The Justification of Enterprise’s Data Property Right——From the Perspective of Locke’s Theory of Property Rights

《中华人民共和国民法典》第127条将数据原则性地规定为一项财产权客体,但具体法律规范尚付阙如,数据财产利益仍处于权利化的过程中。作为数据流的枢纽,以网络平台为代表的企业是数据财产利益的事实占有者和潜在的法律所有人,从占有转向所有的关键在于企业数据财产利益的正当性评价。在洛克看来,数据资产的产生和数据价值的形成源于企业数据收集、存储、加工等辛勤劳作,据此企业在对物层面具有支配数据的正当性。企业数据的财产权化,对社会而言符合物尽其用的浪费禁止要件,对其他企业而言所留存的数据资源切合充足要件,对用户而言可满足洛克的仁爱要件,因此企业在对人层面拥有数据排他的正当性。企业数据财产的正当性处于流变之中,且对人层面的正当性相比于对物层面较为薄弱,所以企业应时常检视并克制其数据处理行为,稳固并厚植其数据财产利益的正当性基础,为数据财产法律规范体系的建立凝聚社会共识。

Article 127 of the Civil Law defines data as an object of property rights in principle,but there is no specific legal norms,and data property interests are still on the way to be a right.As the core of the whole data ecology,the enterprises represented by the internet platform are the de facto possessor of data property interests,and the potential legal owner of data property rights.The key to change from possession to ownership lies in the evaluation of the legitimacy of enterprise data property interests.Within the framework of Locke’s theory,the production of data assets and the formation of data value come from the hard work of data collection,storage and processing of enterprises,thus enterprises have the legitimacy of controlling data.What’s more,the enterprise who has property right of data,for the society,can make the best use of data,which conforms to the prohibition of waste;the retained data resources,for others,fit enough condition;and enterprise’s data property right,for common users,can meet Locke’s benevolence condition.Therefore,enterprises have the legitimacy of data exclusivity at the human level.The justification of the enterprise’s data property right is always changing,and the justification at the human level is weaker than that at the material level.In this regard,enterprises should always check and restrain their data processing behavior,stabilize and cultivate the justification basis of their data property interests,and condense social consensus for the establishment of data property legal system.