岭南海缘乡邑的景观演进与风景营建——以中山南朗为例

Landscape Evolution and Construction of Coastal Township in Lingnan——Taking Nanlang Town of Zhongshan as an Example

中山市南朗镇是革命先行者孙中山的故里,其从宋代珠江口外的海岛隙地发展成为近代中国开眼看世界的窗口、民主革命的摇篮,经历了漫长的移民开拓与环境改造,即人化自然的过程,最终形成独特的“二龙戏珠”景观。通过文献考证,在GIS系统中复原了南宋至民国时期南朗丰阜湖小流域聚落及风景格局的演变过程:1)海湾时期,早期移民形成福佬与广府两大民系聚落群,奠定最初的地域格局;2)元明时期,农业开发下两大民系的空间竞合,带动小流域从海湾到潟湖的景观演变;3)清代,海防和外商活动打破了原有两大民系分立的格局,南朗破而后立,重新整合,从潟湖聚落发展为建筑设施近代化、生态景观基塘化的滨海乡镇。归纳出海缘乡邑“极化-竞合-辐射”的聚落景观演进模式,总结其“聚焦-牵引-默化”的风景营建机制特征,对现今生态文明背景下粤港澳大湾区的发展规划具有历史借鉴意义。

Nanlang Town,Zhongshan is the hometown of Sun Yat-sen,the pioneer of the revolution.It developed from the islands and crevices outside the Pearl River estuary in Song Dynasty into a window to the world and the cradle of democratic revolution in modern China.After a long period of immigration,settlement evolution and synchronous transformation of the natural environment,that is,the process of humanizing nature,then a unique"Erlong Xizhu"(two dragons playing with a pearl)landscape is formed.Through literature research,the evolution process of the settlement and landscape pattern of Fengfu Lake watershed in Nanlang from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Republic of China was restored in GIS system:1)In the gulf period,the early immigrants formed Fulao and Guangfu settlement groups,which established the initial regional pattern.2)During Yuan and Ming Dynasties,the spatial competition and cooperation of the two major ethnic groups under agricultural development drove the landscape evolution of the small watershed from the bay to the lagoon.3)In the Qing Dynasty,coastal defense and foreign activities broke the original pattern of the separation of the two ethnic groups.Nanlang broke and then established,and reintegrated.It developed from lagoon settlements to coastal towns with modern construction facilities and ecological landscape.Through this case,it summarizes the settlement landscape evolution mode of"polarization,competition,and diffusion"in the coastal township,and summarizes the characteristics of its landscape construction mechanism of"focus,traction,and precipitation".This has historical reference significance for the development planning of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area under the background of ecological civilization.