人力资本的增长来源及其对中国经济增长的贡献

The Sources of Growth of Human Capital and Its Contribution to China′s Economic Growth

基于劳动工作时间,从多维度构建劳动数据的中国经济行业生产率数据库,分析人力资本在1978-2018年的变动情况及其对中国经济增长的贡献,并且运用两部门模型将人力资本积累分解为教育效应和劳动再配置效应以探索人力资本的增长来源。结果发现,中国人力资本在1978-2018年增长了2.4倍,每年上升2.2%,其中1.5%来自教育效应,0.6%来自行业间的劳动再配置效应,受教育水平提升是人力资本增加的最主要来源。人力资本对中国经济增长的贡献较低,年均贡献0.3%。为了促进人力资本积累的增加,政府一方面需要加大对教育的投资力度,提高全民受教育水平;另一方面努力消除限制劳动力跨行业流动的障碍,让市场在资源配置中起决定性作用,提高人力资本的利用效率。

This paper uses the China Industrial Productivity dataset, which constructs labor data based on hours worked from multi-dimensions, to analyze the changes in human capital from 1978 to 2018 and its contribution to China′s economic growth. Then, it uses a two-sector model to decompose human capital accumulation into educational effect and labor reallocation effect to explore the sources of growth of human capital. Results show that, China′s human capital increased by 2.4 times from 1978 to 2018, an annual increase of 2.2%, of which 1.5% came from the effect of education, and 0.6% came from the effect of labor reallocation across industries. The improvement of education level is the main source of growth of human capital. The contribution of human capital to China′s economic growth is relatively low, with an average annual contribution of 0.3%. In order to promote the increase of human capital accumulation, on one hand the government needs to increase investment in education and improve the education level of the general public. On the other hand, the government should strive to eliminate barriers that restrict the flow of labor across industries, and let the market play a decisive role in resource allocation, to improve the efficiency of human capital utilization.