双碳战略目标下农业绿色低碳发展的基本路径与制度构建

Basic path and system construction of agricultural green and low-carbon development with respect to the strategic target of carbon peak and carbon neutrality

实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”是我国未来一段时期内的重大战略目标(“双碳”战略)。农业既是重要的温室气体排放源,又是巨大的碳汇系统。如何实现农业绿色低碳发展,是推进“双碳”战略目标实现必须关注的重要领域。实现碳达峰,农业减排固碳既是重要手段,又大有潜力。为此,本文首先梳理了农业绿色低碳发展现状,当前我国农业碳排放总量趋于平稳达峰状态,化肥和农场能源等现代农业投入要素使用产生的碳排放占比增加,同时我国农业生态系统运转呈现出强大的碳汇功能。其次剖析了农业绿色低碳发展存在的主要问题,包括农业投入品过量和化石能源过度消耗、农业资源利用率低、农业绿色低碳发展技术储备不足和配套制度体系不健全等。然后着重阐述了实现农业绿色低碳发展的基本路径和措施,如加强农业资源节约利用,提高资源利用效率;加大农业面源污染综合治理,实现肥药减量增效、农业废弃物资源化利用和农业白色污染有效治理;培育并做大做强农业绿色低碳产业,实现农产品从生产、加工到流通的全产业链绿色化;加大科技创新,构建农业绿色低碳发展科技支撑体系。最后从财税制度、金融制度、土地与经营制度、生态产品价值实现机制、约束激励机制等层面构建推进农业绿色低碳发展的制度体系。本研究可为进一步制定农业绿色低碳发展政策措施和开展相关研究提供科学依据。

Achieving the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a major stratege at present and in the future in China. Agricul-ture is not only an important source of greenhouse gas emissions but also a huge carbon sink system. The agricultural green and lowcarbon development is an important area that must be considered with respect to the target of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Reduced agricultural carbon emissions and carbon sequestration are not only important ways to combat carbon peak, but also offer great potential. Therefore, this study examined the current situation of green and low-carbon agricultural development. At present, the total amount of agricultural carbon emissions in China has tended to stabilize and peaked, and the proportion of carbon emissions generated by the use of modern agricultural input elements, such as fertilizers and farm energy, has increased. The agricultural ecosystems is a powerful carbon sink. In this study, the main problems of agricultural green and low-carbon development were analyzed, including excessive agricultural inputs and excessive consumption of fossil energy, low utilization of agricultural resources, insufficient technical reserves for agricultural green and low-carbon development, and imperfect supporting systems. This study advocated the basic paths and measures to realizing agricultural green and low-carbon development by strengthening the conservation and utilization of agricultural resources, improving the efficiency of resource utilization, increasing the comprehensive treatment of agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and ensuring the reduction and efficiency of fertilizers and resource utilization of agricultural wastes. Effective control of agricultural white pollution;cultivation, expansion, and strengthening of agricultural green and low-carbon industries;realization of the greening of the entire industrial chain of agricultural products from production and processing to circulation;increase in scientific and technological innovation;and building of a scientific and technological support system for agricultural green and low-carbon development are also important ways. Finally, an institutional system that promotes agricultural green and low-carbon development is constructed from the aspects of fiscal and taxation systems, financial systems, land management systems, ecological product value realization mechanisms, and constraint and incentive mechanisms. Based on this study, agricultural green and lowcarbon development policies and measures can be developed and research can be conducted.