数据本地化措施的路径思考——以APEC、RCEP和USMCA等规则为视角

Reflections on the Path of Data Localization Measures——Perspectives of APEC, RCEP and USMCA Rules

全球发展的必然趋势之一是数据化基础上的合作连接。亚太地区国家绝大多数既是世贸组织(WTO)、亚太经合组织(APEC)成员,也可能是重要地区经济合作机制[如区域全面经济伙伴关系(RCEP)、“东盟与中日韩(10+3)合作机制”、美—加—墨自由贸易协定(USMCA)等]的成员方,是全球经济的核心动力之一。因此,其数字化发展的措施、协调,既能反映该地区各国的多样诉求,又将代表区域合作的实践和探索。为促进贸易往来和经济合作,亚太地区各方需积极处理数字本地化措施等关键议题,保持对贸易与投资的推进态势,防止非公平竞争。亚太各方还可探讨以下问题:明确例外限制,确定关键基础设施范围,进行数据分级,逐步缩减成熟行业本地化措施;对起步阶段的行业采纳负面清单管理,审慎允许外资准入或数据跨境;对流通和安全并重的金融等行业数据探索域外监管可行方式,及时有效访问域外数据,确保全面和审慎监管。

Cooperation on data communication is an inevitable trend of globalization. The vast majority of countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as core drivers of the global economy, are members of both the WTO and APEC, and may also be members of key regional economic cooperation mechanisms such as RCEP, the ASEAN Plus China, Japan, ROK Mechanism, the USMCA, etc. Therefore, their digital development measures and coordination will not only reflect the diverse demands of the countries in the region, but also represent the practice and exploration of regional cooperation. To promote trade exchanges and economic cooperation, these countries need to actively address key issues such as the digital economy and localization measures to maintain trade and investment, prevent unfair competition, and allow for responses to security risks and vital interests. They should also draft an exemptions list, determine the scope of critical infrastructure, classify data levels, and gradually scale down localization measures in mature industries. A negative list should be adopted for emerging industries, while FDI or dataflow crossing border should be allowed with prudence. Feasible ways of extraterritorial regulation for data in financial and other industries where circulation and security are important should be explored, and comprehensive and prudent regulation should be enforced by providing timely and effective access to extraterritorial data.