从“首都沦陷纪念日”到“京市忠烈纪念日”:民国时期有关南京大屠杀纪念日的公众记忆

From the“Memorial Day of the Fall of the Capital”to the“Memorial Day of Nanjing Martyrs”:the Public Memory of the Memorial Day of Nanjing Massacre during the Republic of China Era

纪念日及其仪式活动是集体记忆建构和传承的重要方式之一。1937年12月13日,日军侵占南京后制造了震惊中外的南京大屠杀惨案。为了纪念当时中国首都南京的沦陷,悼念死难同胞,全面抗战时期和抗战胜利后,浙江、南京等地举行了相关纪念活动,并经历了由战时“首都沦陷纪念日”到战后“京市忠烈纪念日”的变迁,这些纪念活动推动了南京大屠杀集体记忆的形成。集体记忆或公众记忆是根据社会需求而建构的。南京沦陷及南京大屠杀的相关纪念和悼念活动受到社会、政治等多方面因素的影响,在不同时期被赋予不同的内涵和意义。

Memorial Day and its ceremonial activities are one of the important ways to construct and inherit collective memories.On December 13,1937,after the Japanese army occupied Nanjing,they committed Nanjing Massacre that shocked China and the world.To commemorate the fall of Nanjing then as the Capital of China and to mourn victims,relevant commemorative activities were held in Zhejiang,Nanjing and other places during the total war of resistance against Japan and after the victory of the War which experienced changes from the wartime“Memorial Day of the Fall of the Capital”to the postwar“Memorial Day of Nanjing Martyrs”.These commemorative activities promoted the formation of the collective memory of the Nanjing Massacre.Collective memory is constructed on social needs,and the collective memory of the Nanjing Massacre is no exception.Relevant commemorative activities of the Nanjing Massacre are affected by social,political and other factors,and are endowed with different connotations and meanings in different periods.