简牍所见秦代“为不善”罪——兼述秦代法律与伦常秩序

The Crime of“Weibushan”in the Bamboo Slips of Qin:Study on the Law and Ethical Order of the Qin Dynasty

秦代"为不善"一词见于法律条令,是一类罪名的总称,指有意侵犯君权,败乱其统治秩序的重大犯罪。具体而言,"为不善"除包括直接危害统治秩序的反、逆、叛、降等罪之外,可能还包括弑父、不道、禽兽行等间接危害统治秩序的逆乱恶行。秦法针对这一类犯罪在实际判罚上虽有所不同,但其共同特征是:一般以死刑及迁刑处置首从犯及缘坐者,规定"令(迁者)终身作远穷山,毋得去"。"为不善"罪渗透着礼的精神,表现出森严的社会等级性和浓厚的家族伦理性。秦汉以后"为不善"罪的分类条目日益明细,周齐与隋唐时期的"重罪十条"以及"十恶"之罪名,当与其有一定的承续关系。

The term“Weibushan”(为不善)is found in the legal regulations of the Qin dynasty.It is a general term for a kind of crimes,such as the major crime of intentionally violating the authority of the monarch and disrupting his rule.Specifically speaking,“Weibushan”not only includes crimes such as rebellion,treason and surrender that directly endanger the ruling order,but may also includes evil acts such as patricide,“Budao”(不道),and incest that indirectly endanger the ruling order.Although there are different penalties for this type of crimes in the law of Qin,it has a common feature that the death penalty and exile are generally used to deal with the first accomplice and the implicated ones,and it stipulates that these criminals should never be repatriated.The crime of“Weibushan”(为不善)is permeated with the spirit of etiquette,reflecting the strict social hierarchy and strong family ethics.After the Qin and Han dynasties,the classification of“Weibushan”(为不善)crimes had become increasingly detailed,and the“ten articles of serious crimes”as well as“ten-vicious-crimes”in the Zhou-Qi and Sui-Tang periods should have a certain continuation relationship with it.