马克思财富哲学视域中的共同富裕与三次分配

Common Prosperity and the Third Distribution from the Perspective of Marx’s View of Wealth

马克思关于财富的对象性本质、社会性本质和主体性本质的三重规定中内含着财富本质的最高规定,即"社会个人"之"自由个性"的历史生成。从社会个人的规定理解财富的社会共享性和共同富裕,需要我们坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,在高质量发展中促进共同富裕,正确处理效率和公平的关系,坚持物质生活和精神生活都富裕。从自由个性的规定理解财富的主体性自由和三次分配,需要我们从"补充形式"和"自愿行为"这两个基本定位入手,一方面正确把握三次分配同初次分配、再分配的关系,明确现阶段第三次分配只是对初次分配和再分配的一种有益补充形式,而绝非实现共同富裕的主流分配方式;另一方面正确认识第三次分配中3种不同层次的自愿行为(基于现实功利、自我实现、自由实现的自愿行为)及其历史意义。把促进人的全面发展和促进共同富裕统一起来,既是马克思财富哲学的理论旨归,也是中国特色社会主义发展的根本要求。它最好地诠释了马克思从财富的本质出发理解人的自由全面发展的历史哲学意蕴,为我们正确理解现阶段共同富裕和三次分配的历史性质与社会地位指明了发展方向。

Marx discovered the essence of wealth and proposed that wealth has three basic attributes,namely,social attribute,individual attribute and subjective attribute.This is the strongest proposition about wealth:wealth is the historical production of the“free individuality”of“social individuals”.To understand the social sharing of wealth and common prosperity from the perspective of social individuals,we need to adhere to the people-centered development philosophy,promote common prosperity through high-quality development,properly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness,and ensure the quality of both material and spiritual life.To understand the subjectivity freedom and the third distribution of wealth from the perspective of free individuality,we need to be aware that the third distribution is supplementary to the first and the second distribution,and that it is voluntary.On the one hand,we should properly handle the relationship between the third distribution and the first and the second distribution,and make it clear that the third distribution is only supplementary to the first and the second distribution,and that it is by no means the mainstream distribution to achieve common prosperity.On the other hand,we should distinguish the three different voluntary behaviors(for utilitarian purpose,for self-realization,and for no purpose)in the third distribution and its historical significance.Promoting people’s all-round development along with common prosperity is not only the essence of Marx’s view of wealth,but also the fundamental requirement of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.It best interprets the historical and philosophical significance of Marx’s view of human’s free and comprehensive development from the understanding of the essence of wealth,and shows us the way to understand the historical and social significance of common prosperity and the third distribution.