美国城市更新再认识——以纽约市为中心的研究

Rethinking the American Urban Renewal: A Study Centering on the New York City

第二次世界大战前后,美国城市在去工业化影响下陷入萧条的困境。在去工业化过程中,美国中心城市从制造业中心向信息、服务和管理中心过渡,工业时代所形成的空间结构已无法满足新经济结构的需求。作为美国最大的制造业城市,纽约市遭遇去工业化的冲击尤为严重,制造业迁往郊区,大量人口失业,富裕人群和中产阶级离开城市。为此,美国各界纷纷寻求解决之道,最终促成城市更新的启动。纽约城市更新集中在中产阶级住房、大型文化设施和高等教育机构等方面,为后工业经济的发展提供了必要的空间,与20世纪80年代以来纽约经济的转型复苏不无关系。城市更新尽管造成了贫困人口流离失所等社会问题,但从长时段看并非单一的城市商业地产开发,而是呈现出多重路径,从空间改造的角度为80年代以来的城市复兴提供了支持。

Before and after World War II,American cities fell into decline under the influence of deindustrialization, during which they were transformed from manufacturing to information, service, and management centers.In consequence, the urban spatial structure formed in the industrial age could no longer meet the needs of the new economic structure.As the largest manufacturing city in America, New York City had suffered deeply from the impact of deindustrialization.All walks of life in the United States were seeking a solution, which eventually led to the start of urban renewal.The urban renewal of New York City focusing on middle-class housing, large-scale cultural facilities and higher education institutions provided necessary space for the development of the post-industrial economy.Although urban renewal has caused social problems such as the displacement of the poor, it is not a single urban commercial development of real estates from the long-term perspective, but has shown multiple paths.From the perspective of spatial transformation, it has provided support for the urban rejuvenation since the 1980s.