道德教育视角下森有礼兵式体操构想的再考

A Re-examination of the Conception of Mori Arinori’s Military Gymnastics:From the Perspective of Moral Education

将兵式体操作为必修课引入学校体育是日本近代学校体制的奠基人森有礼推行的教育改革的重要一环,它与同期推行的“伦理”教育之间存在着相通的内在逻辑,更承载了森有礼团队通过“习惯”养成来克服知行不一现象,从而塑造国民气质人格等方面的期待。这一构想的划时代性在于从根本上改变了以往体操课程单纯以强身健体为目的的固有定位,开始向体育注入道德教育的使命和内涵,并通过身体与情景的交互作用消解传统德育与体育的边界。然而,在实践中对教育规律的漠视令兵式体操饱受批判,更暴露出了其固有隐患,这也为日后军国主义势力入侵教育领域埋下了祸根。

The introduction of military gymnastics as a compulsory course into school physical education is an important part of the education reform carried out by Mori Arinori,the founder of the modern school system in Japan. Military gymnastics not only shares a common internal logic with the ethical education established in the same period,but was also expected by Mori and his team to overcome the discrepancy between knowledge and practice through the formation of habit and shape the national personality. The epoch-making nature of this conception lies in that it has fundamentally changed the inherent orientation of the previous gymnastics’ curriculum for the purpose of simply strengthening the body,and began to inject the mission and connotation of moral education into physical education. It also dispels the boundary between traditional moral education and physical education through the interaction between the body and the scene. However,the violation of the law of education in the practice not only brought lots of criticism to military gymnastics but also exposed its inherent hidden dangers and risks,which also laid the root for the future when militarist forces invade the field of education.