Do endemic species always have a low competitive ability? A test for two Mediterranean plant species under controlled conditions

Aims Many observations concerning biological and ecological differentiation between narrow endemic and widespread congeneric plant species suggest that narrow endemic species are constrained to colonize marginal habitats because of a low tolerance to competition.Despite this topic being an important issue both for understanding evolutionary processes leading to endemism and for conservation purposes,few studies have been performed to compare competitive abilities between endemic and widespread species.Here,we present two independent experiments performed under controlled conditions using two different pairs of endemic and widespread congeneric species:Centaurea corymbosa/Centaurea maculosa and Arenaria provincialis/Arenaria serpyllifolia,both endemic species occurring in rocky calcareous habitats.Methods Mature seeds of C.corymbosa and C.maculosa were sown in pots containing ramets of the common grass,Brachypodium retusum.Pots were sorted in three treatments according to grass cover(low,intermediate and high).A control treatment(without competition)was also used.Germination,seedling survival and rosette growth were followed.For the comparisons between A.provincialis and A.serpyllifolia,seeds from natural populations were first sown without a competitor.One week after germination,healthy seedlings were transplanted in pots without Brachypodium seedling(control)or containing two Brachypodium seedlings(low competition)or four seedlings(high competition).We checked the number of capsules per individual,and we harvested the biomass after capsule maturation.Important Findings Despite differences in the protocol design,results are congruent,and in both cases,endemic species are highly affected by the presence of a competitor,as are the widespread species,although we did not detect any differences between species for response to competition.The results are discussed in relation to processes leading to endemism,suggesting that the specialist model is more likely for both the study species.The present study also contributes to guidelines for the conservation of rare species in relation to landscape modification in the Mediterranean area.