《民法典》背景下动态质押权利竞合论

Reflections on the Dynamic Pledge of Concurrence of Rights——Based on the Civil Code

动态质押与动(静)态质押竞合时应区分“先现实交付、后指示交付”“先后均为指示交付”“动态质押与静态质押”以及“动态质权人转质”四种情形来确定相应的顺位规则。动态质押与浮动抵押竞合时应按照公示时间先后确定清偿顺序,但浮动抵押是由质权人设定且善意第三人已办理抵押登记时,浮动抵押权优先于动态质权受偿。买卖价金担保权与动态质押竞合时应依据公示先后确定顺序,前者不具有对抗后者的绝对效力。为避免当事人倒签仓单日期恶意损害动态质权人利益,动态质押和仓单质押应走向融合,均以实际交付货物作为生效要件,由此决定优先顺序。

When the dynamic pledge on the same batch of inventory overlaps with other guarantee real rights,how to arrange the priority of security rights is directly related to the fate of the dynamic pledge.While dynamic pledge and other dynamic(static)pledges are in concurrence,the corresponding priority rules will differ in the following four situations:“actual delivery first,instruction delivery later”,“instruction delivery successively”,“dynamic pledge and static pledge”,and“dynamic pledgee transferring pledge”.The liquidation order is determined by the time of publicity when dynamic pledge and floating charge overlap.However,if floating charge is set by the pledgee and has been registered by a bona fide third party,it will have priority over dynamic pledge.The priority between purchase money security interest(PMSI)and dynamic pledge is determined by the time of publicity,with the former having no absolute priority over the latter.In order to prevent the parties from maliciously damaging the interests of the dynamic pledgee by backdating the warehouse receipt,both the dynamic pledge and the warehouse receipt pledge need to be integrated,and they also need actual delivery of inventory as the requirement of validity,thus determining the priority order.