自然生草和蚯蚓对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤特性及苹果品质的影响

Effects of self-sown grass and earthworm on the soil property and apple quality of apple orchards in Weibei dry plateau

为了提高渭北旱塬苹果园的土壤水分,降低土壤容重,提高果实产量及品质,本研究以果园清耕为对照,探讨自然生草(繁缕和牛繁缕群落)、清耕+蚯蚓和自然生草+蚯蚓处理对果园土壤水分、土壤容重和苹果产量及品质等的影响。结果表明:自然生草和自然生草+蚯蚓处理在苹果开花坐果期、幼果膨大期、花芽分化期、果实采前膨大期和落叶期分别提高0~100cm、0~90cm、0~130cm、0~160cm和0~100cm土层土壤水分,且在果实采前膨大期,即雨季对果园土壤水分的影响最为显著,而清耕+蚯蚓处理仅在果实采前膨大期提高0~160cm土层土壤水分;清耕+蚯蚓和自然生草+蚯蚓处理分别降低果园0~20cm和0~30cm土层土壤容重,而自然生草处理对果园土壤容重无显著影响;自然生草+蚯蚓处理果园土壤中的蚯蚓量高于清耕+蚯蚓处理;自然生草、清耕+蚯蚓和自然生草+蚯蚓处理均提高了苹果产量和果实可溶性固形物含量,降低了果实可滴定酸含量和固酸比,但是对果实单果质量、果形指数、着色面积和果实硬度无显著影响;不同处理中,自然生草+蚯蚓处理对果园土壤水分、土壤容重和苹果产量及品质影响最为显著。综上,渭北旱塬应积极推广自然生草+蚯蚓的果园土壤管理模式。

In order to increase the soil moisture,reduce soil bulk density in apple orchards and improve the yield and quality of fruit,by taking clean tillage as control,the effects of self-sown grass(Stellaria media and Malachium aquaticum community),clean tillage+earthworm and self-sown grass+earthworm on soil moisture,soil bulk density,fruit yield and quality of apple orchards in the Weibei dry plateau were systematically investigated.The results showed that:The self-sown grass and self-sown grass+earthworm treatments increased soil moisture in 0-100 cm,0-90 cm,0-130 cm,0-160 cm and 0-100 cm soil layers at the flowering and fruit-bearing stage,young fruit enlargement stage,flower bud differentiation stage,pre-harvest enlargement stage and abscission stage,respectively.At the preharvest enlargement stage,i.e.the rainy season had the most significant effects,while the clean tillage+earthworm treatment only increased the soil water in 0-160 cm soil layer.Soil bulk density in both 0-20 cm and 0-30 cm soil layers was decreased by in clear tillage+earthworm and self-sown grass+earthworm treatments,and the self-sown grass treatment had no significant effects on soil bulk density.The amount of earthworm in soil of self-sown grass+earthworm orchard was higher than that of clear tillage+earthworm orchard.In self-sown grass,clear tillage+earthworm and self-sown grass+earthworm orchards the fruit yield and fruit soluble solid content were increased,and the fruit titratable acid content and ratio of fruit soluble solid to titratable acid were decreased,and there were no significant effects on single fruit weight,fruit shape index,colored area and fruit firmness.Among the four different treatments,self-sown grass+earthworm had the most significant effects on soil moisture,soil bulk density,apple yields and apple quality.Therefore,the orchard soil management mode of self-sown grass+earthworm could be promoted actively in the Weibei dry plateau.