比较视野下东西方社会主义观:体系、起源与生成路径

The Eastern and Western Views of Socialism from a Comparative Perspective:Systems,Origins and Generation Paths

在20世纪的世界社会主义史上,东西方对社会主义的认识形成了两种典型的解释体系--苏联社会主义和民主社会主义,二者在基本内涵、总体原则、政策主张三个层面形成了两种阐释模式。这两种社会主义观的形成,与社会主义思想的起源和双重意蕴紧密相连:“乌托邦主义”分化出的社会主义和共产主义两大流派表现出同质和异质的二重性,这使它们融合孕育出的科学社会主义天然地具有双重基因。世界社会主义的多样化生成路径,是在社会主义双重基因的基础上,经济发展、政治结构、阶级关系和思想观念四重维度在不同时空综合作用的结果。沿着这一路径,中国在探索社会主义发展道路的过程中形成了新时代中国特色社会主义,它将引领21世纪世界社会主义的新航向。

In the history of world socialism in the 20th century,the understanding of socialism in the East and the West formed two typical explanatory systems:Soviet Socialism and Democratic Socialism,which have created two explanatory models in three respects:basic connotation,general principle and policy propositions.The formation of these two socialist views is closely related to the origin and dual implication of socialist thought.The two schools of socialism and communism separated by“Utopianism”show the duality of homogeneity and heterogeneity.The homogeneity of the two socialist views is manifested in their common critical attitude to capitalism,their common pursuit for building an ideal society beyond capitalism,and their collective cooperative form of social organization,while their heterogeneity is mainly manifested in such problems as private ownership,class understanding,the realization of the new society,and the supporting power.The theoretical system of Scientific Socialism put forward by Marx and Engels was based on combining and transcending the previous socialist and communist thoughts with their excellent social theories of history and exploitation.Theduality of the relationship between socialism and communism also enables the integrated socialist discourse to contain complex double genes.The diversified generation paths of world socialism are on the basis of the double genes of socialism,the result of the comprehensive action in such dimensions as economic development,political structure,class relationship and ideology in different periods and places.In Western Europe,the early industrialization of capitalism was basically completed at the end of the 19th century.The democratic system was gradually popularized.Class structure showed diversified development,and class conflicts were eased to a certain extent.Therefore,there appeared a change from radical revolutionary socialist ideology to moderately improved socialist ideology in Western Europe,forming Revisionism represented by Bernstein,which laid the foundation of democratic socialist thought in the 20th century.However,Russia was still a typical autocratic monarchy at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,with unbalanced economic development and sharp class contradictions.Therefore,when people came into contact with socialist ideas from the West,they naturally tended to the more radical gene of communism,thus forming Russia’s special authoritative socialist idea:Leninism,which laid the foundation of Soviet socialist theory in the 20th century.Along the generation path of socialism,China has formed Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,Which will lead the new course of world socialism in the 21st century.