论公司出资债权不得抵销--以出资债权的法律构造为中心

on No Set-off to Corporation’s Right for Capital Contributions:A Focus on Legal Construction of Contribution Creditor’s rights

公司出资债权能否与股东对公司债权抵销,是认缴制改革后司法实务中突出的争议问题,而目前仅《破产法司法解释(二)》第46条规定了破产程序中禁止抵销,本次公司法修订应当作全面规制。从国外立法和实践看,德国、日本等立法禁止出资债权抵销,但实务中允许在股东对公司债权符合到期、明确、价值完整情形下由公司主动抵销,允许股东以对公司债权出资,英美法则禁止出资债权抵销。我国理论和实务界就出资债权能否抵销发生过争锋相对的论战,其背后暴露了对出资债权以及其与相关概念区别的认识不清。出资债权在法律构造上包括基于股东协议、公司章程的约定产生的本体性出资债权,也包括公司法基于出资亏空特别规定的发起人资本充实责任等衍生性的出资债权,在概念上区别于应当允许的以股东对公司债权出资、债转股。基于出资债权的公司资本属性、组织法属性,同时考虑到抵销规则节约成本的本旨,无论公司是否处于破产程序,无论是否由公司主动抵销,出资债权都不得抵销。

It is a controversial issue in practice that whether corporation’s right for capital contributions can be set off by shareholder’s obligation right for the corporation.At present,only Article 46 of the Judicial Interpretation of the Bankruptcy Law(Ⅱ)stipulates that such set-off is prohibited in bankruptcy proceedings,and therefore the Revised Corporation Law should regulate this issue comprehensively.By insights into Germany and Japan,such set-off is prohibited in legislation,but the corporation as the subject can claim for set-off when shareholder’s obligation right for the corporation is due,clear and complete in value.However,Anglo-American law prohibits set-off of capital contributions completely.There has been a debate on whether shareholder’s obligation right for the corporation can set off corporation’s right for capital contributions in China,which exposes the unclear understanding of corporation’s right for capital contributions and its difference from related concepts.In terms of legal structure,corporation’s right for capital contributions is consisted of two parts,one is based on shareholder’s agreement and articles of association,the other is based on special provisions by the corporation law because of the value of capital deficiency.Based on the capital attribute and organizational attribute of the corporation’s right for capital contributions,and the cost-saving purpose of the set-off rule,corporation’s right for capital contributions cannot be set off by shareholder’s obligation right for the corporation whether it is claimed by the corporation or whether it is in bankruptcy proceedings.