民国初年初等学校教育的“文学”纠葛

Disputes over the Concept of 44Literary StudyM in Pre-tertiary Education in the Early Years of the Republic of China

民初新式学校教育延续清末以日为师的整体趋势,“文学”观念受知识资源与教育理念等因素影响,呈现复杂的纠葛状态。小、中、师范等初等学校,定位于普通国民教育,不同人对“文学”的意涵、性质及取舍态度,有着截然不同的看法。新学制虽确定小学以上国文科以“涵养文学之兴趣”为要旨,但在实际教学中,在国文科与“文学”发生关联的同时,也有人质疑国民教育中“文学”的适用性。受西学影响而出现的《中国文学史》,在编撰体例、材料取舍上引发了极大的争议。这些问题正是19世纪以来,“文学”概念受不同知识资源影响,随时代而变化的特点在教科中的表现,影响着教育与学科的发展。

The new-style schooling system in the early Republic of China continued to learn from Japan in the late Qing Dynasty,but various sources of influence from intellectual background and educational ideologies resulted in the complicated concept of literary study(wenxue).Although the pre-tertiary education,which comprised of primary school,junior high school and teacher training school,focused on the general education of the common people,the understanding of the concept“literary study”was varied in terms of its connation,nature and criteria for inclusion.The new educational system designated that the Chinese subject for pre-tertiary schools should aim at"cultivating interest in literary study(wenxue),but there were doubts about the pragmatic feasibility of literary study in national education when it was to be related with the study of the language.Hence a coursebook A History of Chinese Literature,primarily infonned by Western learning,was developed but its method of compilation and selection of materials prompted great controversies.The issue behind the phenomenon involves the conceptualization of literary study as an educational discipline and how the study transforms over time in the context of new introduction of different intellectual resources since the 19th century.