不同水平男子百米运动员起跑和前三步加速三维技术分析

Three-dimensional research on the first three acceleration techniques of men’s 100 m athletes with different levels

目的:分析一级和二级男子百米运动员起跑加速前三步支撑阶段下肢髋膝踝关节运动时序特征及角速度峰值、角度等运动学指标差异,探究影响起跑加速跑效果的关键技术因素。方法:采用三维高速红外摄像解析法(14个红外摄像头,250 Hz)对6名一级运动员和7名二级运动员的起跑前三步加速技术动作进行分析。结论:1)后蹬起跑器阶段,后腿摆动屈膝角速度峰值与后腿蹬伸过程膝关节角度是影响后蹬起跑器技术的关键运动技术指标,适当增大后腿蹬伸过程后腿膝角和后腿摆动过程中屈膝摆动角速度有利于提高后蹬起跑器效果;2)第一步支撑阶段,髋和膝的伸展作用主要体现在着地瞬间,支撑腿较小的髋角和较小的伸髋幅度,支撑腿较大的着地膝角和较小的伸膝幅度,以及更为前倾的躯干,更有利于缩短蹬伸加速时间和获得更好的水平蹬伸效果;3)第二步支撑阶段,着地瞬间摆动腿屈膝作用更为积极,支撑腿髋关节和膝关节同步伸展加速技术,较小的支撑腿髋关节、膝关节和踝关节角度和更为前倾的躯干是影响起跑加速效果的重要因素。

Objective:To explore the time sequence of hip,knee and ankle joint of lower limbs and the differences in kinematic indexes such as peak angular velocity and angle in the first three steps’acceleration techniques of the first and second class male 100-meter athletes.Identify the key technical factors that affect the starting acceleration technology.Methods:The acceleration techniques of the first three steps of 6 first class athletes and 7 second class athletes were analyzed by three-dimensional high speed photography.Conclusion:1)In the stage of block start,the peak angular velocity of rear knee flexion and the knee joint angle in the process of rear leg extension are the key technical indicators that affect the technology of the block start;2)In the first supporting stage,the stretching effect of the hips and knees in the first supporting stage is mainly reflected in the moment of landing,the smaller hip angle and the smaller hip extension of the supporting leg,the larger landing angle and the smaller knee extension of the supporting leg,and more forward leaned torso may be more conducive to shorten the acceleration time of extension and obtain better horizontal stretching effect;3)In the second support stage,the knee flexion effect of swinging leg is more positive at the moment of landing,and the supporting leg hip and knee joint acceleration acceleration technology,the smaller supporting leg hip,knee and ankle joint angle and the more forward torso are the key factors to affect the acceleration effect.