中国的二次分配与三次分配对收入极化的影响

The role of the second distribution and the third distribution in income polarization

发挥三次分配调节作用,对于降低收入极化,形成中间大、两头小的橄榄型分配结构,最终实现共同富裕,具有重要意义。本文基于CFPS居民微观调查数据,按照居民收入来源,采用MT指数法和循序分解步骤,解析了第二次分配和第三次分配对收入极化的再分配效应。研究结果表明:第二次分配和第三次分配显著降低了居民收入极化程度,且在城镇地区再分配效应更明显;总体而言,80%以上的再分配是通过公共转移收入来实现的,第三次分配降低市场收入极化的贡献不到20%;从转移收入类别来看,养老金的再分配效应最高,其次是政府补助、私人转移收入和社会捐助,而征地和拆迁补偿的再分配效应为负,即会加剧收入极化程度;各类转移收入的再分配效应与其规模弱的正相关而与其瞄准性弱的负相关。本研究表明,发挥三次分配调节作用、实现共同富裕,提高第三次分配的规模尤为重要,政策引导和鼓励社会组织参与第三次分配也需要重视。

Playing the role of the three distributions is of great significance to reducing income polarization,forming the distribution structure with a large middle class and small two poles,and ultimately achieving common prosperity.Based on the CFPS micro survey data,this paper uses a sequential decomposition method to analyze the redistributive effects of the second distribution and third distribution on income polarization,according to the sources of residents’income.The results of the study show that:the second and third distributions have significantly reduced residents’income polarization and the redistributive effect is larger in urban areas.In general,more than 80%of the redistributive effect is achieved through public transfers.The contribution of the third distribution accounts for less than 20%.Regarding specific transfer programs,the redistributive effect of old-age pensions is the greatest,followed by government subsidies,private transfers and social donations.In contrast,compensation for land expropriation and housing demolishment is polarization increasing.The transfers’redistributive effects are weakly and positively associated with their budget size but negatively related to their targeting efficiency.Overall,the study confirms that the second and third distributions are playing an important role in reducing market income polarization.Besides,it is important to increase the scale of the third distribution to achieve common prosperity given its small budget size and redistributive effect.To this end,it would be essential to guide and encourage social organizations to participate in the third distribution.