电弧熔丝增材制造铝合金研究进展

Research progress in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys

电弧增材制造因其独特的无模壳快速近净成形特点而备受关注,有望成为突破铝合金材料研发与工业应用瓶颈的先进制造技术。电弧增材技术在传统电弧焊接的基础上发展而来,二者均以高能电弧为热源、以金属丝材为原材料进行成形。本文综合分析了电弧增材制造工艺与设备研发现状、凝固与固态相变特性、显微组织特点、冶金缺陷概况以及力学性能特点,论述了热丝及多丝增材制造技术前景和电弧增材制造独特的成形方式与相变显微组织特征。针对电弧增材制造铝合金制造精度及稳定性较差、气孔及热裂缺陷严重、材料力学性能优势不突出的问题,提出了电弧增材制造专用设备开发、熔丝累加快速凝固冶金缺陷控制专用方法研发、专用材料成分及显微组织设计、专用热处理工艺制定等发展方向,为加快电弧增材制造铝合金高端化、定制化、专属化发展提供重要参考。

Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)attracts much attention due to its unique feature of rapid near net shape forming without die.It has the potential to become an advanced manufacturing technology that can break the bottleneck of alloy development and industrial application for aluminum materials.Wire arc additive manufacturing technology originates from traditional arc welding,and both of them use high-energy arc as heat source and metal wires as raw material.The WAAM technology and equipment development,the solidification and solid state phase transformation performance,microstructures,metallurgical defects as well as mechanical property of aluminum alloys were reviewed.The technique prospects of hot wire and multi-wire additive manufacturing,the unique fabrication manner and the exclusive phase transformation microstructure were discussed.The WAAM-specialized approaches to address the issues of poor manufacturing accuracy,serious porosity and cracking,and unsatisfied mechanical property,including fabrication system development,metallurgical defect controlling,alloy composition and microstructure design and heat treatment optimization were proposed.Such proposals are expected to facilitate the rapid development of high-end,customized and distinguished aluminum alloys via WAAM.