通识教育在德国应用科学大学中的重构与裂变

Reconstruction and fission of general education in Germany’s universities of applied sciences

作为一种理念,通识教育在德国经历了长期、曲折的衍变,在特殊的时空背景下,呈现出从“思潮”到“符号”的趋势。随着工程教育及应用型大学的发展,通识教育被赋予了新的形式和新的内容。在德国应用科学大学的通识教育安排中,一方面延续了中小学通识教育的内容体系,另一方面又将通识教育纳入专业教育的能力模块,专业教育与通识教育的高度融合实现了从“专业培养”到“能力塑造”的跨越,在很大程度上回应了社会对复合型专业管理人才的要求。同时,德国应用科学大学的通识教育也面临着基础不牢、师资不足、内容固化、延展度不高、不能满足学生多样化需求等问题。通识教育伴随高等教育的发展,回应社会对人才需求的变化,三者形成啮合轮动的关系。

As a concept of education,general education(regarded as Allgemeinbildung in Germany) has undergone a long and tortuous evolution in Germany.Under the special space-time background,it presents a trend from “ideological trend” to “symbol”.With the development of engineering education and applied universities,general education has been endowed with new forms and contents.In Germany’s universities of applied sciences(UAS),the offering of general education,on the one hand,continues the content system of general education in primary and secondary schools.On the other hand,general education is incorporated into the competency module of professional education.The high integration of professional education and general education has achieved a leap from “professional training” to “ability-building”,which has largely responded to the requirements from the society for compound professional management talents.At the same time,the general education of Germany’s UAS is also facing such problems as weak foundation,insufficient teachers,content solidification,low extension,and failure to meet the diverse needs of students.With the development of higher education,general education responds to the change of social demand for talents,where all these three form a structure of “meshing gear wheels”.