明清卫河流域砖窑烧造及其对环境的影响

Analysis on Producing Bricks by Brickkiln and It's Affection to Environment in Weihe Basin during Ming and Qing Dynasties

明初永乐年间,为营建北京城,诏令各地供应所需城砖。卫河流域特殊的环境条件使之成为砖窑建设和城砖来源的重要区域。由于所需砖材数额巨大、体量较重,而利用水路便于转运且相对成本低廉,因此卫河流域的砖窑建设呈沿河分布的空间特点。伴随着窑砖使用从皇家走向民间、州县城墙改土为砖以及治河用砖等用砖需求的扩大,卫河沿岸烧砖业得以快速发展并逐渐兴盛,出现了成片的砖窑群。砖窑业的繁荣不仅使提升城镇防御能力成为可能,亦带动了沿岸城镇经济的快速发展,但砖窑和陶窑的大量生产需要数量庞大的土和燃料作为支撑,因此砍伐森林植被、破坏田地及山区生态环境的现象愈加严重,对卫河流域乃至华北平原的生态环境产生诸多负面影响。

During the Yongle period in the early Ming Dynasty,in order to build Beijing City,a large number of city bricks were needed from all over the country.The special regional conditions of Weihe Basin make it being an important area for brickkiln construction and city brick source.As waterway transportation has advantages such as low-cost and easy transshipment,it could adapt to the huge amount and heavy weight of brick materials.Therefore,the construction of brickkilns in Weihe Basin is characterized by linear distribution along the river.The changes in the use of bricks from royal to folk,the conversion of county city walls into bricks,and the use of bricks for river regulation have further stimulated the rapid development of the brick-burning industry along the river,making the brick-burning industry gradually flourish,resulting in a large number of brickkilns.The prosperity of brickkiln industry in Weihe Basin not only has improved the defense capability of cities and towns,but also driven the rapid development of coastal towns.But the production of a large number of brickkilns needs to be supported by soil from fields and a large amount of fuel.As a result,the ecological phenomena of deforestation,destruction of fields and mountain areas have become more and more serious,thus causing many adverse effects on the ecological environment of the Weihe Basin and even the North China Plain.