法律家长主义视角下我国人体器官移植制度的法理分析与重构

Legal Analysis and Reconstruction of Human Organ Transplantation System in China from the Perspective of Legal Paternalism

随着医学进步,人体器官移植已成为解决人体器官障碍问题的有效手段,但人体器官移植领域中供体缺乏、非法交易等乱象频发也揭露了人体器官移植制度亟待完善的现实。为解决这些问题,可从法律家长主义视角出发,对各国人体器官捐献同意模式及人体器官来源二元立场进行法理分析,探讨将人体器官移植置于法律家长主义的视角下审视的目的及意义,分析我国人体器官移植制度从无到有及逐渐发展的过程中体现出的国家从单纯的医疗秩序管理到人身权保护的根本理念转换,进而总结人体器官移植制度的立法趋势,重构立法内容:建立“柔性推定”式人体器官捐献同意制度,构建政府参与下的有偿捐献制度,动态调整移植人体器官的供给及获取制度等。从而使人体器官移植在合法的范围内能够最大限度地得以实施,尽可能多地挽救患者生命、提高患者生存质量。

Due to the progress of medicine,human organ transplantation has become an effective means to solve the problem of human organ obstacles.However,the lack of donors and the frequent occurrence of chaos such as trafficking in the field of human organ transplantation,has also revealed the reality that the human organ transplantation system needs to be improved.This thesis discuss the human organ transplantation system,from a legal paternalism perspective,conduct a legal analysis of human organ donation consent model and the dualistic position of tuman organ sources in various countries,discuss the purpose and significance of examining human organ transplantation from the perspective of legal paternalism,and analyze the state's fundamental idea transformation from simple medical order management to personal rights protection reflected in the process of human organ transplantation system in China from the appearance and gradual development,and then summarize the legislative trend of the human organ transplantation system,put forward the legislative suggestion:establish"flexible presumption"type of consent model for human organ donation,construct a paid donation system with government participation,and regulate the supply and access regime of human organ dynamically.In this way,human organ transplantation can be implemented within the legal scope at the greatest extent,saving patients'lives,and improving the quality of life of patients.