3D-printed tissue repair patch combining mechanical support and magnetism for controlled skeletal muscle regeneration

Physical forces,such as magnetic and mechanical stimulation,are known to play a significant role in the regulation of cell response.In the present study,a biomimetic regeneration patch was fabricated using E-jet 3 D printing,which integrates mechanical and magnetic stimulation in a biocompatible"one-pot reaction"strategy when combined with a static magnetic field(SMF).The magneto-based therapeutic regeneration patch induced myoblasts to form aligned and multinucleated myotubes,regulated the expression of myogenic-related genes,and activated the p38αmitogen-activated protein kinase pathway via the initiation of myogenic differentiation.To validate the efficiency of the proposed strategy,the regeneration patch was implanted into mice and exposed to a suitable SMF,which resulted in significantly enhanced in vivo skeletal muscle regeneration.The findings demonstrated that appropriate external physical stimulation provides a suitable biophysical microenvironment that is conducive to tissue regeneration.The method used in the present study represents a promising technique to induce the regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle tis sue.