恩格斯对马克思主义哲学的实践诠释——基于《路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》的分析

Engels's Practical Interpretation of Marxist Philosophy--Based on the Analysis of Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy

恩格斯在其著作《路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》中着重提到了两个文本:“1845—1846年的旧稿”和“十一条关于费尔巴哈的提纲”。这两个文本是马克思主义哲学形成的奠基之作,它们全面论述了“实践”对于思想观念的先在性、基础性和根本性,并将“实践”贯彻于整个哲学体系,形成了异于之前的一切旧哲学的新的世界观和方法论,实现了哲学史上的伟大变革。恩格斯在该书中以科学的实践观详细论证了马克思主义哲学的诸原理——革命实践:走出旧哲学的内在性;辩证实践:回应哲学基本问题的方法论;感性实践:批判费尔巴哈的唯心史观;历史实践:揭示人类社会发展的规律性。在恩格斯分析和批判旧哲学的过程中,可以得出作为一种理论的马克思主义哲学创立和创新的方法论原则,即过程性原则、历史性原则、批判性原则以及人民性原则。

In his book Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy,Engels highlighted two texts,“Old Manuscripts of 1845-1846”and“Eleven Outlines on Feuerbach”.As the foundation works of Marxist philosophy,these two articles comprehensively discussed that“practice”is preexisting and fundamental to ideas,and carried it through the whole philosophy system,forming a new world view and methodology which is different from that of all the previous old philosophy,and therefore achieved a great revolution in the history of philosophy.In On Feuerbach,Engels demonstrated the principles of Marxist philosophy with scientific view of practice—“Revolutionary Practice:out of the Internality of Old Philosophy”,“Dialectical Practice:Methodology to Respond to the Basic Problems of Philosophy”,“Perceptual Practice:the Criticism of Feuerbach's Idealistic Historical View”,“Historical Practice:Revealing the Regularity of Human Social Development”.In Engels'analysis and criticism process of old philosophy,some methodological principles of creation and innovation of Marxist philosophy as a theory can be drawn,that is,the procedural,historic,critical principle as well as the popular principle.