基于位置大数据的城市居住用地效率指标构建及评价研究

Constructing Index for the Assessment of Urban Residential Land Efficiency Using Location-Based Big Data

信息化赋能已经成为新时期国土空间规划的热点,但通过大数据整合进行国土空间利用评价研究仍有待探索。本文旨在借助腾讯位置大数据开展城市居住用地效率评价实证研究,综合运用多源地理空间数据,以居民区为评价单元构建居住用地效率指标,揭示常州市新城区不同居民区用地效率差异。结果表明:①居民区范围内小时粒度的人口规模呈周期波动,峰值一般出现在21:00,符合城市居民昼出夜归的作息规律,且不同容积率水平的居民楼人口集聚度和规模值也存在预期性的差异;②29个居民区按建成年份划分为1980s、1990s、2000s、2010—2015年、2015年以后共5组,各组效率指标平均值分别为1.74、2.45、2.31、0.95和0.91人/百m^(2),2010年之前建成的居民区明显高于2010年之后新建的,2010年以后建成的居民区低于全市2.06人/百m^(2)的平均水平(2018年标准);③效率指标值低并非完全等同于集约用地水平低,常州市新城新区开发建设的成长周期、居民对提升人居环境品质的需求,都是导致不同居民区用地效率差异的原因。研究表明,位置大数据作为高精度的人口数据源,能够客观反映居民区人口聚集的时空间特征,基于位置大数据构建的城市居住用地效率指数能够为高质量国土空间利用分析提供新途径。在我国以人为本的城市化进程中,以位置大数据为代表的新型人口数据源将在国土空间规划中发挥愈加重要的作用。

Information empowerment to the territorial spatial planning has become a hot research field in the new era.However,research on territorial utilization evaluation using big data integration remains to be explored.The purpose of this paper is to carry out an empirical study on the efficiency assessment of residential land use in new urban area employing Tencent location-based big data.Assessment index of residential land use efficiency in each residential area have been proposed,supported by integration of multi-source geospatial data,to reveal the differences in land use efficiency among different residential areas in Changzhou city.The results show that,firstly,population size of hourly particle statistics within the residential area fluctuates periodically,reaching peak value at 21:00 generally,which is in line with the routine of daily going out and returning home for urban residents.There are also expected differences in population agglomeration degree and population size among residential buildings with different capacity rates.Secondly,the 29 residential areas are divided into five groups by year of construction,1980s,1990s,2000s,2010—2015,and post-2015.The average population size of efficiency index of group 1980s,1990s,2000s,2010—2015,and post-2015 are 1.74,2.45,2.31,0.95,and 0.91 per 100 m^(2),respectively.Index values of residential areas built before 2010 are significantly higher than those built after 2010.Furthermore,residential areas built after 2010 are lower than the average level(population size of 2.06 per 100 m^(2) in year 2018)of the entire urban residential areas.Thirdly,it is suggested that lower results of efficiency index is not fully equal to poor level of intensive land use.The main reasons of diverse land use efficiency of residential areas constructed in different periods include the growth periodicity of new urban area development in Changzhou city,and urban residents'desire for better living environment to enhance their quality of habitation.Research shows that location-based big data,as a source of population data with high solution,could reflect the temporal and spatial characteristics of resident aggregations objectively.Index constructed to assess urban residential land efficiency using location-based big data is both innovative and scientific,which could provide a new way for the analysis of high-quality land space utilization.In conclusion,regularity recognition of behavior characteristics from urban residents can provide support for spatial policy formulation during the urbanization process based on"putting people first"policy in China.What's more,new data sources,represented by location-based big data in this paper,will play an important role in decision-making mechanism of territorial spatial planning.