清末民初国文教育与“龙学”发展新论

A New Study on Chinese Language Education and the Development of“Dragon Studies”in Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

学界通常将1917年刘师培、黄侃在北京大学讲授《文心雕龙》课程视作“龙学”确立的起点,其实自1904年《奏定大学章程》颁布后,“龙学”就开始兴起,但这尚未引起学界重视。作为学制改革主导者的张之洞将刘勰的辨体意识、文学宗经等思想注入大学章程,使其成为具有官方约束性的国文教育规范。在国文教育的具体实践中,章太炎、刘师培、黄侃等人通过诠释《文心雕龙》,申论“广义文学观”“韵文学”“情辞说”等主张,提出不同的文学学科建设方向,进一步推动了“龙学”阐释的多样性。可以说,清末民初“龙学”的演进,始终与国文教育观念的发展相互激荡。

Liu Shipei and Huang Kan’s teaching of the course of“Wen Xin Diao Long”in Peking University in 1917 has been usually regarded as the starting point of the establishment of“Dragon Studies”.However,the academic circle pays no attention to the very fact that“Dragon studies”began to rise as early as the issuance of the University Charter in 1904.As the leader of the educational system reform,Zhang Zhidong introduced Liu Xie’s ideology of distinguishing style and literary classics into the university charter and made it an official literary education standard.In the concrete practice of literary education,Zhang Taiyan,Liu Shipei,Huang Kan,etc.,through the interpretation of“Wen Xin Diao Long”,discussed the propositions such as“broad literary view”,“rhyming literature”and“sentiment speech theory”,put forward different directions of literary discipline construction,and further promoted the diversity of the interpretation of“dragon studies”.It can be said that the evolution of“dragon studies”in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China has always been mutually stimulating with the development of the concept of Chinese education.