战后日本对琉球政策变迁与日美同盟强化——基于结构暴力的分析视角

The Evolution of Japan’s Policy toward Ryukyu and the Strengthening of the Japan-U.S.Alliance after the Second World War——From the Perspective of Structural Violence

第二次世界大战后,为配合美国的安全战略并借助日美同盟实现大国志向,日本相继签署《旧金山对日和约》和《日美安全保障条约》。由此,日美在琉球地位问题上暂时达成一致,而琉球成为日美安保体制的核心,两国关于琉球问题的协商与解决均在该体制的框架内进行。此后,日美因琉球人民的反抗而做出一些政策调整,如《新日美安保条约》、在保全基地的条件下的"回归"及"回归"后仍坚持将琉球作为安保体制的核心,等等,但这些政策调整的根本出发点是如何加强同盟而非减轻琉球人民负担。从结构暴力视角看,日本对琉球的制度化歧视,使针对琉球的暴力结构得以建立且不断机制化,这成为日本能够长期推行军事优先政策的根源。在美、日、琉不平等结构中,日本将日美安保压力转嫁给琉球,将安保体制带给本土的负面影响最小化,从而稳定和强化日美同盟。

After the Second World War,Japan signed successively in 1951 the Treaty of Peace with Japan(Treaty of San Francisco)and the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan to cooperate with the U.S.security strategy and pursue Japan’s ambition of becoming agreat power with the help of the Japan-U.S.alliance.Thus,Japan and the United States temporarily reached an agreement on the status of Ryukyu,which became the core of the Japan-U.S.security cooperation system.Since then,the negotiation and settlement of the Ryukyu issue have been carried out within the framework of the Japan-U.S.alliance.The two sides made several policy adjustments due to the resistance of the Ryukyuan people,such as the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and the reversion of administration power over Ryukyu to Japan under the condition of preserving U.S.military bases and maintaining Ryukyu as the core of the bilateral security system.However,the fundamental goal of these policy adjustments was to strengthen the alliance rather than to reduce the burden on the Ryukyuan people.From the perspective of structural violence,Japan’s institutionalized discrimination against Ryukyu has sustained the structure of violence against Ryukyu so that Japan can implement the military priority policy for a long time.Within this unequal structure of the United States,Japan,and Ryukyu,Japan passes the pressure of the Japan-U.S.alliance onto Ryukyu and minimizes the negative impact of the alliance on mainland Japan.In doing so,Japan manages to stabilize and strengthen the Japan-U.S.alliance.