革命文物的保护修复技术研究——以延安革命纪念馆藏一级文物“毛泽东骑过的马”为例

Research on the protection and restoration technology of revolutionary cultural relics:A case study of the first-class cultural relic"Mao Zedong Riding Horse"in the Yan′an revolutionary memorial museum

延安革命纪念馆馆藏一级文物“毛泽东骑过的马”是军功马,属川马,1960年制成标本(简称小青马)。保存中,曾遭受洪水浸泡,多次修复材料的老化,馆藏环境不稳定等因素,导致小青马出现了各种病害,其中裂隙病害最为严重,共8处,严重的长42 cm,宽1.5 cm,危及小青马的保存。通过模拟粘接实验,筛选20%牛皮胶为主要粘接剂,在20℃,湿度30%~40%环境下,借助内窥镜监测,清除裂隙周边泥土,背衬纱布或羊皮,从裂隙边缘注射胶料,用5 cm×10 cm的镀锌防锈铁片按压,纱布绑缠固定48 h后,去除铁片和纱布,对裂隙处进行简单修整,还原小青马开裂前原貌,提高了裂隙处抗老化强度,达到了小青马的整体稳定性。为了解革命时期转战陕北的历史事件,宣扬革命精神和红色文化提供实物标本。

The Yan′an Revolutionary Memorial Museum′s first-class cultural relic"The Horse Ridden by Mao Zedong"demonstrates a military horse,belonging to the Sichuan horse family,and was made into a specimen in 1960(referred to as the Xiao Qingma).During the preservation,it suffered from flooding,the aging of repaired materials for many times,and unstable collection environment,which caused various diseases on the Xiao Qingma.Among them,the fissure disease was the most serious,with a total of eight places,and the serious length was 42 cm,1.5 cm wide,endangering the preservation of the horse.Through simulated bonding experiments,select 20%cowhide glue as the main adhesive,and under 20℃and 30%~40%humidity,with the help of endoscope monitoring,remove the soil around the crack,back with gauze or sheepskin,and inject from the edge of the crack,the rubber material is pressed with a 5 cm×10 cm galvanized anti-rust iron sheet,and after the gauze is tied and fixed for 48 hours,the iron sheet and gauze are removed,and the cracks are simply trimmed to restore the original appearance of the Xiao Qingma specimen before cracking and improve the anti-aging strength of the cracks.Reached the overall stability.It provides physical specimens for understanding the historical events of the revolutionary period when the horses turned to Northern Shaanxi and spreading the revolutionary spirit and red culture.