困于民粹主义与新自由主义之间:拉丁美洲的发展选择问题

Trapped between Populism and Neoliberalism: The Question of Development Options in Latin America

在拉美,民粹主义与新自由主义的较量早在30年前就已经开始。20世纪90年代,拉美为了摆脱长达十年的经济衰退,最先接受了西方提出的华盛顿共识。自此,本土的民粹主义与外来的新自由主义或融合或对抗,发展出新民粹主义与激进左翼民粹主义两种形态。前者是对新自由主义的策略性利用,制造了经济市场化与政治威权化并存的怪象;后者是对新自由主义的根本改造,试图重回干预型国家和经济民族主义。在发展路径上,民粹主义和新自由主义针锋相对,分别受到国家与市场两股力量的支配,但是都无法帮助拉美解决经济增长和分配公平相冲突的发展问题。2019年的拉美动乱再次将发展选择问题摆在世人面前。

The turmoil of world politics in the 21 st century is often attributed to the rise of populism. The reason is that the global populism wave has revealed the structural problems hidden under the surface prosperity of neoliberalism, and launched a full-front critique against it. In Latin America, the contest between populism and neoliberalism began three decades ago. In the 1990 s, Latin America was the first to accept the Washington Consensus proposed by the West in order to escape a decade-long economic recession. Since then, local populism and foreign neoliberalism have either merged or confronted, developing two forms of neo-populism and radical left-wing populism. The former is a strategic use of neoliberalism, creating a strange phenomenon of the coexistence of economic marketization and political authoritarianism;the latter is a fundamental transformation of neoliberalism, representing an attempt to return to an interventionist state and economic nationalism. As of the development path, populism and neoliberalism are sworn enemies to each other, dominated by the two forces of the state and the market respectively, but neither can help Latin America solve the development problem of conflict between economic growth and distribution equity. The turmoil in Latin America in 2019 once again highlighted the question of development options in front of the international community.