快速城镇化背景下中国小城镇时空演变及影响因素

Spatio-temporal Evolution of Towns in China Under the Background of Rapid Urbanization

小城镇是中国城镇等级体系中最基层的单元,是我国推进新型城镇化和城乡融合发展的主要载体之一。文章选择中国城镇化快速发展的2004—2017年时段,运用GIS将全国统计数据、空间数据和网络数据等相互融合,构建中国小城镇空间数据库,以探究其时空演变格局及机制。研究发现:①研究期内小城镇数量在短暂下降后呈持续上升趋势,小城镇人口总规模、平均规模不断上升。②以“胡焕庸线”为界,中国小城镇发展水平呈现“东南高、西北低”的总体格局,但在研究期内东南部优势略有减弱。③研究期内小城镇规模类型以向上转移和不变两种类型为主,其中超大型小城镇在长三角、珠三角的集聚空间不断扩大,中型以上小城镇由沿海和大城市周边分布为主逐步向中西部地区扩展,中小型以下小城镇由京广—京哈铁路以西密集分布,收缩到“胡焕庸线”两侧和东北部分地区。④自然地理条件中的海拔高程、河网密度等内生性变量,区位与可达性中的对外交通网密度、所处区域经济发展水平等外生性变量,对小城镇发展呈现为显著或较显著的影响,初始发展基础对小城镇发展有重要影响。

Towns are the most basic units in China’s urban hierarchy,and are one of the main carriers of new urbanization and urban-rural integration. This paper chooses the rapid development stage of China’s urbanization from 2004 to 2017integrating the large sample data of towns statistics, spatial data and network data by using GIS software. Relevant analysis on spatial-temporal evolution pattern of towns in China shows that: Firstly, during the period 2004-2017, the number of towns in China has been on the rise after a short-term decline,their population size and the average size mount up year by year. Secondly, taking the "Hu Huanyong Line" as the boundary, the development level of towns in China presents an obvious overall pattern of "higher value in the southeast and lower value in the northwest",but the superiority of southeast China has slightly weakened during the study period. Thirdly,the town scale mainly shifts upward or remains unchanged,among which the super-large towns continue to expand in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.The distribution of towns above medium size has shifted from the coast and around large cities in the central and western regions to the central and western regions of China. The distribution of towns being at medium and small size has shifted from the west of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and Beijing-Harbin Railway to the both sides of the "Hu Huanyong Line" and the parts of the northeast. Finally, endogenous variables, such as elevation and river network density in natural geographical conditions, and the exogenous variables of location and accessibility, such as the density of external transportation network and the level of regional economic development,have a significant impact or relatively significant impact on the development of towns. This study enriches the evolution and influence mechanism of the town development in China,and demonstrates the consistency and difference among prefecture-level and county-level units. It provides policy reference for the development and cultivation of towns in China.