奔流向前:中国与世界银行在水资源领域40年合作综述

Fast flowing-40 years of partnership between China and the World Bank in the Water Sector

在中华文明数千年的历史进程中,水资源发挥了不可或缺的重要作用。自古以来,中华民族就十分重视完善水资源管理。水资源利用效益带来的价值、水资源管理不善造成的风险,是关乎居民健康、粮食安全、能源安全、工业和国家经济发展、社会福祉以及环境可持续性的根基。在与中国40 a的合作中,世界银行重视水资源开发管理及其在社会经济发展中的作用,并在该领域做出了重要贡献。在合作初期,世界银行对中国水资源领域的支持主要集中在20世纪80年代对一批基础设施项目的投资上,旨在加强洪水管理、改善灌溉基础设施并保障粮食安全、开发水电资源等。从80年代后期到90年代,合作重点转向支持政府改善基本供水和卫生服务,合作实施了一系列针对解决城镇污水排放增加和水质恶化问题的项目,致力于改善城市水环境。进入21世纪后,中国政府与世界银行合作实施了一批新的项目,以解决更加复杂的水问题,包括水资源综合管理、流域管理和水污染防控等。随着中国社会经济的不断发展,世界银行下一阶段的工作重点将包括强化管理机制,改进水资源价值评估并将水资源价值纳入基于绩效的激励机制,为私营企业参与水资源领域市场经营创造有利环境,促进市场化机制的发展等。

Water has been integral to development of Chinese civilization over millennia and made important contri⁃butions to the country’s social and economic development over the last 40 years.Throughout history,Chinese civili⁃zation has attached significant value to improved management of water resources.The benefits derived from the val⁃ue of water,and the risks it imposes when not managed properly,underpin human health,food security,energy se⁃curity,industrial growth and domestic development,social welfare and environmental sustainability.Within this context,the World Bank-China partnership has made important contributions to managing the development of wa⁃ter resources and it’s contribution to social and economic improvements over the past 40 years.Early World Bank support in the water sector was primarily focused on a series of infrastructure-based investment projects in the 1980s aimed at improving flood management,promoting food security through irrigation,and developing hydropow⁃er resources.From the late-1980s through the 1990s,this partnership transitioned to supporting government efforts to improve access to basic water services,especially sanitation,with a series of projects aimed at tackling the in⁃creasing amount of wastewater and deteriorating water quality to improve the urban environment.Into the 2000s,China looked to the World Bank to support a new generation of projects aimed at addressing more complex water-re⁃lated issues,including integrated water resource management,river basin management,and water pollution con⁃trol.As China continues its development trajectory,the next generation of World Bank engagement is focused on ef⁃forts to avoid the middle income trap and addressing the remaining institutional issues by strengthening the gover⁃nance mechanisms,improving the valuation of water and it’s integration into performance based incentive mecha⁃nisms,creating an enabling environment for private sector participation in the sector and promoting the evolution of market based mechanisms.