批判与建构:刑事证据转化为行政证据探析

Criticism and Construction:Analyses on the Transformation of Criminal Evidence into Administrative Evidence

目前,有关证据转化的研究多立足于行政证据转化为刑事证据,而刑事证据转化为行政证据的效力研究和程序设计则被忽视。通过对现有证据转化模式的批判可以发现:刑事证明标准并非高于行政证明标准,刑事证据收集认定程序未必更为严格,刑事证据“当然转化”为行政证据的模式影响公民权利的实现。“刑事—行政”证据转化是解决“事实证明的需要与证明资源有效性”这一根本矛盾的客观需求,其转化的深层基础是行政法与刑法的密切关系以及行政证据与刑事证据的相似性。明确多种转化情形的证据移送接收主体,确立“经审查转化”的要求,设置补充调查程序以保障行政行为的合法性,强调刑事非法证据、技术证据无需审查不可转化,是建构“刑事—行政”证据转化的最优路径。

The research on the transformation of evidence is mostly based on the transformation of administrative evidence into criminal evidence,while the effectiveness research and program design of the transformation of criminal evidence into administrative evidence are ignored.Through the criticism of existing evidence transformation models,it can be found that the criminal proof standard is not higher than the administrative proof standard,the criminal evidence collection and identification procedure may not be more strict,and the model of"naturally transforming"criminal evidence into administrative evidence affects the realization of civil rights.The transformation of"criminal-administrative"evidence is the objective demand to solve the fundamental contradiction between the need of fact proof and the effectiveness of proof resources.The deep foundation of the transformation is the close relationship between administrative law and criminal law and the similarity between administrative evidence and criminal evidence.It is the best way for constructing the transformation of"criminal-administrative"evidence to clarify the transfer and receiving subject of evidence in various transformation situations,establish the requirements of"transformation after examination",set up supplementary investigation procedures so as to ensure the legitimacy of administrative acts,and emphasize that criminal illegal evidence and technical evidence can not be transformed.