被告人质证权的法治化建构路径探析

Analysis of the Legal Construction of the Defendant’s Confrontation Right

被告人质证权在我国刑事诉讼法历次修改中均未明确规定。但立法未动,解释先行,2021年最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》第220条明确规定在分案审理中应当保障当事人的质证权,该司法解释虽为有权解释,却是一种无源解释。通过以“质证权”为关键词对法律规定和裁判文书进行检索,发现我国被告人质证权已然完成了权利法治化“三步曲”的前两步——不仅在个案裁判中得到特殊化救济,还获得了司法解释的规范化续造。与此同时,庭前会议、速裁程序、简易程序等新兴诉讼程序给被告人质证权的实现带来了新的改变,认罪认罚从宽制度对被告人质证权的实现也产生重要影响。在分析影响被告人质证权实现的消极因素基础之上,应当逐步推进以正式立法对被告人质证权进行法治化建构。

In China,the defendant’s confrontation right has not been recognized by legislation.However,Article 220 of the Interpretation of the new Criminal Procedure Law in 2021 clearly requires that the right of confrontation of the parties should be guaranteed in the divisional trial.By searching the relevant legislation and judicial documents with the keyword of“confrontation right”,it can be found that the defendant’s confrontation right as an emerging right in criminal procedure has completed the first two steps of the“three steps”of the legalization of human right.The confrontation right is not only given special relief in the judgment,but also clearly stipulated in the judicial interpretation.At the same time,the realization of confrontation right is also challenged by the new procedures such as pre-trial meeting,quick adjudication procedure and simplified procedure in criminal procedure.The lenient system for pleading guilty and accepting penalty will also have an impact on the realization of the defendant’s confrontation right.On the basis of analyzing the systematic defects,we should respond to the practical needs of the right of confrontation with legislation.