行政公益诉讼中违法行政行为判断标准的实践检视与理论反思——以1021起裁判样本为考察对象

Practical Inspection and Theoretical Reflection on the Judgment Standard of Illegal AdministrativeActs in Administrative Public Interest Litigation--Take 1021 Referee Samples as the Object of Investigation

行政公益诉讼中判断行政行为违法的标准是“未依法履职”的行为标准与“造成公益损害”的结果标准,但这一双重标准的实践运用状况与制度设计初衷中的精准指涉需求有“背道而驰”之嫌。违法行政行为存在作为但违法、完全不作为、未有效作为与未及时作为四种行为状态,实践中检察建议的干扰、特定情形中的开放性评价空间、结果标准的僭越以及刑事追责状况的潜在影响等问题在不同程度上影响了违法状态评价的统一尺度;在结果损害方面,抽象或具体、直接或间接等公益损害类型纷繁多元,出现行为标准对结果标准的吸收、对因果关系要件的忽视等适用障碍,违法性认定风险进一步扩大。通过行为标准中主体性因素的细化、结果标准中客观性要素的追加、行为标准与结果标准的综合兼顾,可以为违法行政行为判断时呈现的“随机找寻”状态提供更为具化的“有序识别”指引。

In administrative public interest litigation, the criteria for judging the violation of administrative acts are the behavior standard of “failure to perform duties according to law”and the result standard of “causing public interest damage”, but the practice and application of this double standard and the precise reference in the original intention of the system design Demand is suspected of “running in the opposite direction”.Illegal administrative acts have four behavior states: violation of the law, complete inaction, ineffective act, and failure to act in a timely manner.Issues such as interference of suggestion by prosecution, open evaluation space in specific situations, arrogance of result standards and criminal accountability are to varying degrees, affected the unified scale of the evaluation of illegal status.In terms of result damage, there are various types of public welfare losses such as abstract or specific, direct or indirect, and there are potentials for behavioral standards to absorb result standards and ignorance of causal factors.The impact and other applicable obstacles have further expanded the risk of illegal identification.Through the refinement of the subjective factors in the behavior standards, the addition of the objective factors in the result standards, and the comprehensive consideration of the behavior standards and the result standards, it is possible to provide a more specific state when judging illegal administrative actions to transfer from “random search” to“orderly identification” guidelines.