主要的自甘冒险规则对《民法典》适用的借鉴

The Reference of Primary Implied Assumption of Risk in the Application of the Civil Code

自甘冒险规则在美国已经发展得较为成熟,而在我国,《民法典》的出台才正式确立了自甘冒险规则。在具体适用《民法典》第1176条第1款的过程中,我国可以借鉴主要的自甘冒险规则的适用经验。第一,根据“内在的义务”限缩风险范围,排除超出文体活动本身性质范围的风险。第二,在其他参加者成为被告时,应根据“附带的风险”,适当扩大参加者的范围。第三,应当适当扩张“故意或者重大过失”的适用范围,避免过于严苛的法律后果。

Rules of assumption of risk have been developed maturely in the United States. The issue of the Civil Code just officially established the rules of assumption of risk in China. In the process of applying article 1176(1) of the Civil Code, China can draw lessons from the main application experience of primary implied assumption of risk. Firstly,narrow down the scope of risk according to “inherent duty”, excluding risk that is beyond nature of recreational or sports activities. Secondly, when the other participant become the defendant, the scope of participant should be properly expanded according to “incidental risk”. Thirdly, the scope of “intention or gross negligence” should be properly expanded to avoid much stringent legal consequences.