太极拳训练脑效应机制研究进展

Research Progress on the Brain Effect Mechanism of Tai Chi Chuan Training

太极拳作为我国传统运动康复疗法,可提高神经系统的兴奋性和对脑功能活动调节能力。文章总结归纳太极拳训练对脑效应机制的国内外研究现状,主要从脑电、超声多普勒、近红外线、磁共振成像等多种技术探索太极拳对脑电波信号特征、事件相关电位(P300/N400等)、脑血流、脑血氧含量和脑结构及功能网络影响,为太极拳的脑效应机制提供初步证据。太极拳训练过程中对注意力控制的改善可能与调节大脑皮层α波的节律和活动有关;太极拳训练后P300、N400潜伏期缩短,改善资源分配、信息处理和词语加工能力,提高大脑感知信息容量与资源。太极拳训练可能通过改善神经内分泌调节功能,促进代谢酶的活性,降低血脂而改善脑血流速度。基于静息态功能核磁成像的横断面研究显示,长期太极拳训练调节大脑功能网络,且与训练的经验、对认知功能的保护显著相关;太极拳对认知功能的改善与其调节相关认知神经环路结构和功能有关。任务态功能核磁研究显示,太极拳训练对记忆、执行功能加工相关脑区和网络具有调控作用。此外,长期太极拳训练对脑灰质体积和白质形态结构具有可塑性改变。然而,目前研究中也存在着一定的问题,如样本量偏小、以单模态脑影像为主、缺少纵向研究和长期随访、缺乏剂量-效应关系研究等。下一步研究还需开展多中心、大样本、多模态联合、不同训练剂量对比等高质量研究,以更深入探索太极拳的脑效应相关机制。

As a traditional exercise rehabilitation therapy in China,Tai Chi Chuan can improve the excitability of the nervous system and the ability to regulate brain functional activities.This paper summarizes the research from domestic and foreign of the brain effect mechanism of Tai Chi Chuan training,and mainly explores the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on the brainwave signal,electroencephalogram(EEG) signal(P300/N400,etc.),cerebral blood flow,cerebral blood oxygen and brain structure,brain structure and functional network using various technologies such as electroencephalo-graphy,ultrasound doppler detection,functional near infrared,and magnetic resonance imaging,which found that Tai Chi Chuan modulate different signal characteristics in multiple brain areas,providing preliminary evidence for the brain effect mechanism.Tai Chi Chuan training contributes to the improvement of attention,and the control of attention during training may be related to the regulation of α wave rhythm and activity of cerebral cortex.After Tai Chi Chuan training,the latency of P300 and N400 is shortened,and the ability of resource allocation,information processing and word processing is improved,so as to improve the capacity and resources of brain perception information.Tai Chi Chuan can improve the neuroendocrine regulation function,promote the activity of metabolic enzymes,reduce blood lipids and improve cerebral blood flow velocity.Cross-sectional studies of Tai Chi Chuan based on resting state functional MRI found that Tai Chi Chuan modulated the the brain network which is significantly associated with the training experience and the protection of cognitive function.Longitudinal studies found that Tai Chi Chuan improved the cognitive function related to the regulation of the brain structure and function of cognitive neural circuits.The study of task-state functional MRI showed that Tai Chi Chuan had a regulatory effect on the brain regions and networks which was related to memory and executive function processing.In addition,other studies showed that long-term Tai Chi Chuan training not only had plasticity changes on brain functional network,but also had plasticity changes on the volume of brain gray matter and white matter morphology.Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy,Tai Chi Chuan training was found improving executive function to be associated with the prefrontal lobe regulation.However,there are still some limitations in the present researches such as the small sample size,monomodal brain imaging,the lack of longitudinal/long-term follow-up study and lack of dose-effect relationship study,etc.Tai Chi Chuan has obtained preliminary results in the research of brain plasticity,which provides effective reference for subsequent research.In future research,multi-center,large sample and multi-modal combination will be needed to verify the current research results and further explore the brain effect related mechanisms of Tai Chi Chuan.